Organic chemistry Banker

1. (a) Which statement about addition polymerisation is correct?A The polymer is the only product.B Water is given off as each link forms.C The monomers must contain two different functional groups.D The monomers are saturated. [1]

1. (a) PVC is made from chloroethene, CH₂=CHCl. Name the type of polymerisation. [1]
2. (b) Write the repeat unit of PVC. [2]
3. (c) Give one use of PVC. [1]

A city council plans to ban single-use plastic shopping bags.

1. (a) Explain why disposing of plastics in landfill sites causes problems. [2]
2. (b) Describe one problem caused by plastic waste in rivers and seas. [1]
3. (c) Burning plastic waste is sometimes suggested. Give one disadvantage. [1]
4. (d) Suggest one way a city council could reduce plastic waste. [1]

1. (a) Nylon is a polyamide. Name the two types of monomer used to make it and the linkage formed. [3]
2. (b) PET is a polyester. Name the two types of monomer and the linkage. [2]
3. (c) Name the small molecule formed when each linkage is made, and the type of polymerisation. [1]

1. (a) Proteins are natural polymers. Name the monomers and the linkage in proteins. [2]
2. (b) A protein chain is made from 50 amino acid molecules joined in a line. How many water molecules are eliminated? [1]
3. (c) Give one similarity and one difference between the structures of a protein and nylon. [2]

1. (a) Write the repeat unit of poly(propene), made from propene CH₂=CHCH₃. [2]
2. (b) A poly(propene) molecule is made from 5000 propene molecules. Calculate its relative molecular mass. (Ar: C = 12, H = 1) [2]
3. (c) The repeat unit of a non-stick coating is –CF₂–CF₂–. Give the structural formula and name of its monomer. [2]

1. (a) Which ester is formed when methanol reacts with ethanoic acid?A ethyl methanoateB methyl ethanoateC methyl methanoateD ethyl ethanoate [1]

1. (a) Vinegar contains ethanoic acid. Write a balanced equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with sodium carbonate, and give one observation. [3]
2. (b) Name the salt formed when ethanoic acid reacts with magnesium, and name the gas. [2]
3. (c) Ethanoic acid is a weak acid. Explain what this means. [1]

1. (a) Name the ester formed when ethanol reacts with propanoic acid and write its structural formula. [2]
2. (b) State the conditions for this reaction. [2]
3. (c) Give one use of esters. [1]

1. (a) Name the carboxylic acid and the alcohol that react to make propyl methanoate, HCOOCH₂CH₂CH₃. [2]
2. (b) Ethyl butanoate, CH₃CH₂CH₂COOCH₂CH₃, has a pineapple smell. Name the acid and alcohol used to make it. [2]
3. (c) Write the molecular formula of ethyl butanoate and calculate its relative molecular mass. (Ar: C = 12, H = 1, O = 16) [2]

A student titrates 25.0 cm³ of a vinegar sample from a shop in Multan with 1.00 mol/dm³ sodium hydroxide. The mean titre is 20.8 cm³.CH₃COOH + NaOH → CH₃COONa + H₂O

1. (a) Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide used. [1]
2. (b) Calculate the concentration of ethanoic acid in the vinegar in mol/dm³. [1]
3. (c) Calculate the concentration in g/dm³ to 3 significant figures. (Mr CH₃COOH = 60) [1]
4. (d) Name a suitable indicator and give the colour change at the end-point. [2]

1. (a) Write the equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with ethanol. [1]
2. (b) 6.0 g of ethanoic acid reacts with excess ethanol. Calculate the maximum mass of ethyl ethanoate. (Mr: CH₃COOH = 60, CH₃COOC₂H₅ = 88) [2]
3. (c) The student obtains 5.72 g. Calculate the percentage yield. [1]
4. (d) Give two reasons why the yield is less than 100 %. [2]

1. (a) Which compound is in the same homologous series as ethanol?A C₃H₇OHB CH₃COOHC C₃H₆D C₂H₆ [1]

1. (a) Give three characteristics of a homologous series. [3]
2. (b) The general formula of the alkanes is CₙH₂ₙ₊₂. Write the molecular formula of the alkane with 8 carbon atoms, found in petrol. [1]
3. (c) Write the general formula of the alkenes. [1]

1. (a) State what is meant by structural isomers. [2]
2. (b) Write the structural formulae of the two structural isomers with the molecular formula C₄H₁₀. [2]
3. (c) Write the structural formulae of but-1-ene and but-2-ene. [2]

1. (a) Name each compound:(i) CH₃CH₂COOH(ii) CH₃CH₂CH₂OH(iii) CH₃CH=CH₂(iv) CH₃COOCH₂CH₃ [4]
2. (b) Identify the functional group in compounds (i) and (iii). [2]

1. (a) An alkene has a relative molecular mass of 56. Deduce its molecular formula. Show your working. (Ar: C = 12, H = 1) [2]
2. (b) Draw (as structural formulae) two alkenes with this molecular formula and name them. [2]
3. (c) The molecular formula C₃H₈O fits two alcohols. Give their structural formulae and names. [2]

Several sugar mills in Pakistan also produce ethanol from molasses.

1. (a) Ethanol can be made by fermentation of sugar from sugar cane molasses. State the conditions needed. [3]
2. (b) Write the equation for the fermentation of glucose. [1]
3. (c) Name the other industrial method of making ethanol. [1]

1. (a) Give two uses of ethanol. [2]
2. (b) Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of ethanol. [2]

1. (a) Compare making ethanol by fermentation with making it by the catalytic addition of steam to ethene. Give two advantages of each method. [4]
2. (b) Suggest why a country with a large sugar industry and little petroleum might choose fermentation. [1]

1. (a) Calculate the maximum mass of ethanol from 90 g of glucose. (Ar: C = 12, H = 1, O = 16) [2]
2. (b) Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide produced at room temperature and pressure. (Molar gas volume = 24 dm³) [1]
3. (c) Ethanol can be oxidised to ethanoic acid by warming with acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII). State the colour change. [1]

1. (a) Which test shows that a hydrocarbon is unsaturated?A Aqueous bromine changes from orange to colourless.B Limewater turns milky.C Damp red litmus paper turns blue.D A lighted splint gives a squeaky pop. [1]

1. (a) Give the product and conditions for each reaction of ethene:(i) with hydrogen(ii) with steam(iii) with bromine [5]
2. (b) Name the type of reaction in all three cases. [1]

1. (a) Write the equation for the reaction of propene with bromine, using structural formulae, and name the product. [2]
2. (b) Calculate the mass of bromine that reacts with 2.1 g of propene. (Ar: C = 12, H = 1, Br = 80) [3]
3. (c) Explain why propane does not react with bromine in the dark. [1]

Petroleum (crude oil) is processed at refineries such as those near Karachi.

1. (a) Name the process used to separate petroleum into fractions and state the physical property on which it depends. [2]
2. (b) Give one use for each fraction: (i) refinery gas (ii) kerosene (iii) bitumen. [3]
3. (c) Describe how chain length and viscosity change from the top of the column to the bottom. [1]

1. (a) State the conditions used for cracking. [2]
2. (b) Complete the equation: C₁₀H₂₂ → C₇H₁₆ + ____. Name the product you have added. [2]
3. (c) Give two reasons why cracking is carried out. [2]

Percentage supply from distillation and percentage demand for petroleum fractions at one refinery:fraction: supply %, demand %refinery gas: 4, 8gasoline: 11, 22naphtha: 9, 5kerosene: 13, 8diesel oil: 20, 23fuel oil and bitumen: 43, 34

1. (a) Which fractions are produced in greater amounts than are needed? [2]
2. (b) Calculate the shortfall of gasoline as a percentage of the total. [1]
3. (c) Explain how cracking helps to match supply with demand. [1]
4. (d) A long-chain alkane C₁₆H₃₄ is cracked to give one molecule of octane and ethene only. Write the balanced equation. [2]

1. (a) Alkanes are described as saturated hydrocarbons. Explain what saturated and hydrocarbon mean. [2]
2. (b) LPG cylinders used for cooking contain propane. Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of propane, C₃H₈. [2]
3. (c) Alkanes are generally unreactive. Give one type of reaction that they do undergo. [1]

1. (a) Methane reacts with chlorine. State the condition needed. [1]
2. (b) Write the equation for the reaction that forms one organic product with one chlorine atom, and name that product. [2]
3. (c) Name the type of reaction and explain the name. [2]
4. (d) Suggest the formula of the organic product formed if the reaction continues with more chlorine. [1]

1. (a) Butane burns completely: 2C₄H₁₀ + 13O₂ → 8CO₂ + 10H₂O. Calculate the volume of oxygen needed to burn 30 cm³ of butane, and the volume of carbon dioxide formed. (All volumes at room temperature and pressure.) [3]
2. (b) In a poorly ventilated room butane burns incompletely. Name the toxic gas formed and explain why it is dangerous. [2]