2022 May/June · Paper 21 · Q1 (b(i), b(ii), c)6 marksLarge-scale manufacturing and location
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Practice questions
Original questions written by HomiLabs in the style of the exam, with answers and mark schemes. They are not
Cambridge past paper questions and have not been reviewed by Cambridge. Try each one before opening the answer.
Q1Tourism · Core · Paper 2 style · 9 marks
(a)Name two mountain peaks in northern Pakistan that attract climbers and trekkers.[2]
(b)State three attractions, other than mountain peaks, that bring tourists to Gilgit-Baltistan and northern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[3]
(c)Explain two reasons why it is difficult to develop tourism in the northern mountains. You should develop your answer.[4]
Show answer
(a) Any two of: K2; Nanga Parbat; Gasherbrum I or II; Broad Peak; Rakaposhi; Tirich Mir.
1 mark each.
(b) Any three: lakes (e.g. Attabad, Saif-ul-Malook); glaciers (e.g. Baltoro, Passu); valleys such as Hunza, Swat, Naran-Kaghan; the Karakoram Highway; Deosai Plains / national parks and wildlife; forts such as Baltit and Altit; cool summer climate; local culture and festivals.
1 mark each, named or clearly described.
(c) Roads are narrow and often blocked by landslides or snow, so journeys are long and unsafe, which puts tourists off; the tourist season is short (mainly summer), so hotels earn little for much of the year and investors are reluctant; few modern hotels and medical facilities in remote valleys; electricity and internet supply are unreliable.
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to').
Q2Tourism · Core · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Name two World Heritage Sites in Pakistan.[2]
(b)State two facilities a heritage site needs if it is to attract more foreign tourists.[2]
(c)Explain two ways in which tourism can help to protect historical sites. You should develop your answer.[4]
Show answer
(a) Any two: Mohenjo-daro; Taxila; Takht-i-Bahi (with Sahr-i-Bahlol); Makli monuments, Thatta; Lahore Fort and Shalimar Gardens; Rohtas Fort.
1 mark each.
(b) Any two: good road access / signposting; nearby hotels and restaurants; guides or information in English and other languages; museums or visitor centres; clean toilets and drinking water; security.
1 mark each; vague 'facilities' = 0.
(c) Entry fees raise money that can pay for repairs and conservation; tourist interest makes the government and local people value the site, so it is protected from encroachment; jobs at the site give local people a reason to look after it; international attention can bring outside funding.
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to').
Q3Tourism · Core · Paper 2 style · 6 marks
(a)What is meant by the 'multiplier effect' of tourism?[2]
(b)State four types of job created directly by tourism in Pakistan.[4]
Show answer
(a) Money spent by tourists is spent again by the people who receive it, so the total benefit to the local economy is larger than the first amount spent.
1 mark: tourist spending creates income; 1 mark: re-spent / creates further jobs and income.
(b) Any four: hotel staff; tour guides; porters; drivers / jeep operators; cooks and restaurant workers; handicraft sellers; travel agents; ticket sellers at heritage sites.
1 mark each.
Q4Tourism · Standard · Paper 2 style · 10 marks
A hill resort in the Kaghan valley recorded these numbers of visitors (thousands) in one year (hypothetical data):Jan 2, Feb 3, Mar 6, Apr 12, May 25, Jun 48, Jul 55, Aug 41, Sep 18, Oct 10, Nov 4, Dec 3
(a)Calculate the total number of visitors to the resort in the year.[1]
(b)Calculate the percentage of the year's visitors who came in June, July and August. Give your answer to one decimal place.[2]
(c)Describe the pattern of visitors shown in the table.[3]
(d)Explain two problems that this pattern causes for people who work in tourism in the valley. You should develop your answer.[4]
(c) Very few visitors in winter (Nov–Feb, 2–4 thousand a month); numbers rise steadily from March; peak in July (55 thousand); fall sharply from September; the range is 53 thousand.
1 mark per point, including at least one figure from the table, up to 3.
(d) Work is seasonal, so guides, porters and hotel staff are unemployed for much of the year and must migrate or find other work; hotels are overcrowded in July, which causes high prices, water shortages and litter; hotels earn little income in winter, so it is hard to repay loans or pay staff all year.
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to').
Q5Tourism · Standard · Paper 2 style · 10 marks
(a)What is meant by 'religious tourism'?[2]
(b)The Kartarpur Corridor was opened in 2019. State where it is and who mainly uses it.[2]
(c)Name two other places in Pakistan that attract religious tourists, and state the religion linked to each.[2]
(d)Explain two ways in which religious tourism can benefit the local economy. You should develop your answer.[4]
Show answer
(a) Travel to visit holy places or take part in religious festivals and pilgrimages.
1 mark: travel/visits; 1 mark: to holy sites / for religious reasons.
(b) It links the Gurdwara Darbar Sahib at Kartarpur in Narowal district, Punjab, to the Indian border; it is used mainly by Sikh pilgrims from India and around the world.
1 mark location (Kartarpur / Narowal / Punjab near Indian border); 1 mark Sikh pilgrims.
(c) Any two: Nankana Sahib (Sikh); Panja Sahib, Hasan Abdal (Sikh); Data Darbar, Lahore (Muslim / Sufi shrine); shrine of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Sehwan (Muslim / Sufi); Taxila or Takht-i-Bahi (Buddhist); Katas Raj temples (Hindu); Hinglaj Mata, Balochistan (Hindu).
1 mark each (place and religion).
(d) Pilgrims spend on food, transport and souvenirs, which creates income and jobs for local traders; foreign pilgrims bring foreign exchange; spending leads to improved roads, hotels and services that also help local people (multiplier effect).
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to').
Q6Tourism · Standard · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Name the main road that links Karachi with Gwadar along the coast.[1]
(b)Describe the natural attractions that the Balochistan coast could offer tourists.[3]
(c)Explain two reasons why few tourists visit the Balochistan coast at present. You should develop your answer.[4]
Show answer
(a) The Makran Coastal Highway (N-10).
1 mark.
(b) Long sandy beaches (e.g. Kund Malir); unusual rock formations shaped by wind and sea; Hingol National Park with wildlife and mud volcanoes; warm sea for swimming and fishing; a mild winter climate.
1 mark per point, up to 3.
(c) There are very few hotels, restaurants or petrol stations along the coast, so tourists cannot stay overnight comfortably; long distances from big cities make journeys long and tiring; concerns about security discourage visitors; very hot summers and a lack of drinking water; little advertising so the coast is not well known.
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to').
Q7Tourism · Standard · Paper 2 style · 6 marks
A tour company recorded the countries of origin of its foreign visitors in one year (hypothetical data):China 4,500; United Kingdom 3,600; USA 2,700; Germany 1,200; Other countries 6,000
(a)Calculate the number of degrees needed to show each group on a pie chart.[3]
(b)Calculate the percentage of visitors who came from China.[1]
(c)Suggest two reasons why the number of visitors from China to Pakistan has increased in recent years.[2]
Show answer
(a) China 90°, United Kingdom 72°, USA 54°, Germany 24°, Other countries 120°
Total = 18,000. Each value ÷ 18,000 × 360. China 90°, UK 72°, USA 54°, Germany 24°, Other 120°. 3 marks all correct; 2 marks three correct; 1 mark method only.
(b) 25%
4,500 ÷ 18,000 × 100 = 25%.
(c) Business travel linked to CPEC projects; the Karakoram Highway and Khunjerab Pass give a direct land route; easier visa arrangements; good political relations between the two countries.
1 mark each.
Q8Tourism · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 10 marks
(a)Explain two ways in which large numbers of tourists can damage the environment of mountain valleys. You should develop your answer.[4]
(b)Read these two views:View A: 'Tourism in the northern areas should be expanded as fast as possible because it brings jobs and income.'View B: 'Tourism in the northern areas must be limited because the damage it causes outweighs the benefits.'Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons for your answer, referring to examples you have studied.[6]
Show answer
(a) Litter and plastic left at lakes and campsites pollute water and harm wildlife; trees are cut for hotel building and fuelwood, causing soil erosion and landslides; untreated sewage from hotels flows into rivers; traffic jams on narrow roads cause air and noise pollution.
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to').
(b) View A: jobs for guides, porters, drivers and hotel staff; income in poor remote areas reduces out-migration; foreign exchange; better roads and services (e.g. Karakoram Highway). View B: pollution and litter at lakes; deforestation for hotels; overcrowding and water shortages in Murree or Naran in peak season; hotels built on river banks damaged in floods (e.g. Swat in 2022); loss of local culture. A balanced judgement such as controlled (sustainable) growth.
Level marking. L1 (1–2): simple points, one side or generic. L2 (3–4): developed points on one side, or simple points on both sides. L3 (5–6): developed points on both sides with a named Pakistani example and a reasoned judgement.
Q9Tourism · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 7 marks
A valley in Swat district had 640 hotel beds in 2015 and 1,040 hotel beds in 2024 (hypothetical data).
(a)Calculate the percentage increase in the number of hotel beds between 2015 and 2024.[2]
(b)In 2024 the average occupancy of these beds over the whole year was 45%. Calculate the average number of beds filled each night.[1]
(c)Explain two ways in which the growth of tourism may have affected the local people of the valley. You should develop your answer.[4]
Show answer
(a) 62.5%
(1,040 − 640) ÷ 640 × 100 (M1) = 62.5% (A1).
(b) 468 beds
1,040 × 0.45 = 468.
(c) Positive: new jobs in hotels, transport and handicraft shops, raising incomes so fewer young people migrate to cities; better roads and electricity built for tourists also serve villages. Negative: land and food prices rise, so locals cannot afford them; traditional culture and dress may change; pressure on water supply and forests.
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to'). Credit positive or negative effects.
Q10Tourism · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
A provincial tourism department earned Rs 4.8 billion from tourism in 2022 and Rs 6.3 billion in 2024 (hypothetical data).
(a)Calculate the percentage increase in tourism revenue from 2022 to 2024.[2]
(b)Evaluate the extent to which government action can increase the number of foreign tourists visiting Pakistan.[6]
(b) Government can help: the online e-visa system and visa on arrival for some countries make entry easier; building and repairing roads (motorways, Karakoram Highway) and airports improves access; promotion abroad improves Pakistan's image; better security. Limits: foreign travel advice and perceptions of insecurity are hard to change quickly; natural hazards such as floods and landslides; private investment in hotels is needed; global events affect travel. Judgement: government action is necessary but not enough on its own.
Level marking. L1 (1–2): simple points, one side or generic. L2 (3–4): developed points on one side, or simple points on both sides. L3 (5–6): developed points on both sides with a named Pakistani example and a reasoned judgement.
Q11Large-scale manufacturing and location · Core · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)State four factors that influence where a large factory is located.[4]
(b)Faisalabad is a major centre of the cotton textile industry. Explain two reasons for this. You should develop your answer.[4]
Show answer
(a) Any four: raw materials; power supply; labour; market; transport links; capital; water supply; government policy / incentives; flat land.
1 mark each.
(b) It lies in the middle of the cotton-growing area of central Punjab, so raw cotton is close and cheap to transport; it has a large supply of skilled and cheap labour from the surrounding farming areas; it is on the motorway (M-3/M-4) and rail network, so goods reach Lahore and Karachi port easily; many related firms (ginning, spinning, dyeing) cluster there.
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to').
Q12Large-scale manufacturing and location · Core · Paper 2 style · 7 marks
(a)Put these stages of the cotton textile industry in the correct order: weaving, ginning, garment making, spinning, dyeing and finishing.[2]
(b)What happens during ginning?[1]
(c)Explain why Pakistan earns more money by exporting garments than by exporting raw cotton. You should develop your answer.[4]
(b) The cotton fibre (lint) is separated from the seeds.
1 mark.
(c) Each stage of manufacturing adds value, so a kilogram of cotton made into garments sells for many times the price of raw cotton; garment making uses much labour, so it creates more jobs; exports of finished goods earn more foreign exchange; it reduces dependence on world raw cotton prices.
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to').
Q13Large-scale manufacturing and location · Standard · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
A sugar mill in central Sindh crushes 4,500 tonnes of sugar cane a day. On average 10.2% of the mass of the cane is recovered as sugar (hypothetical data).
(a)Calculate the mass of sugar the mill produces in one day.[1]
(b)Calculate the mass of sugar produced in a crushing season of 120 days.[1]
(c)Calculate the percentage of the mass of cane that is lost (not turned into sugar).[2]
(d)Use your answers to explain why sugar mills are located close to the sugar cane fields. You should develop your answer.[4]
Show answer
(a) 459 tonnes
4,500 × 0.102 = 459 t.
(b) 55,080 tonnes
459 × 120 = 55,080 t.
(c) 89.8%
4,500 − 459 = 4041 t lost (M1); 4041 ÷ 4,500 × 100 = 89.8% (A1).
(d) Cane loses about nine-tenths of its weight in processing, so it is much cheaper to transport the sugar than the cane; cane is perishable and its sugar content falls quickly after cutting, so it must be crushed within a day or two; cane is bulky and heavy, and farmers deliver it by tractor-trolley over short distances.
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to').
Q14Large-scale manufacturing and location · Standard · Paper 2 style · 9 marks
A cement plant near the Salt Range produces 7,500 tonnes of cement a day. It needs 1.6 tonnes of raw materials to make 1 tonne of cement (hypothetical data).
(a)Calculate the mass of raw materials the plant uses each day.[1]
(b)Calculate the percentage of the mass of raw materials lost during manufacture.[2]
(c)Name the main raw material for cement and one area of Pakistan where cement plants are found.[2]
(d)Explain two environmental problems caused by cement factories. You should develop your answer.[4]
Show answer
(a) 12,000 tonnes
7,500 × 1.6 = 12,000 t.
(b) 37.5%
Loss per tonne = 0.6 t (M1); 0.6 ÷ 1.6 × 100 = 37.5% (A1).
(c) Limestone (with clay / gypsum). Areas: Salt Range / Pothwar (e.g. Chakwal), Kohat, Dera Ghazi Khan, Daudkhel, Rohri, Thatta or Hyderabad.
1 mark raw material; 1 mark area.
(d) Dust from quarrying and kilns pollutes the air, causing breathing problems for nearby villagers and covering crops; quarrying limestone destroys hillsides and vegetation; kilns burn coal and give off carbon dioxide, adding to climate change; heavy trucks damage roads.
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to').
Q15Large-scale manufacturing and location · Standard · Paper 2 style · 7 marks
Textile exports of a country in one year, in US$ million (hypothetical data):raw cotton 100; cotton yarn 1,100; cotton cloth 2,200; knitwear 5,000; bedwear 3,200; readymade garments 4,400
(a)Calculate the total value of the textile exports.[1]
(b)Calculate the percentage of the total earned by high value-added products (knitwear, bedwear and readymade garments). Give your answer to one decimal place.[2]
(c)Explain two problems that limit the growth of Pakistan's textile exports. You should develop your answer.[4]
(c) High and unreliable electricity and gas supply raises costs and stops production; strong competition from Bangladesh, China and Vietnam with lower costs; much machinery is old, so quality and productivity are lower; low cotton yields mean expensive raw material has to be imported; shortage of skilled designers and marketing.
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to').
Q16Large-scale manufacturing and location · Standard · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Name the main raw material used to make urea fertiliser in Pakistan.[1]
(b)Many fertiliser plants are located in northern Sindh and southern Punjab, for example at Daharki and Sadiqabad. Explain two reasons for this location. You should develop your answer.[4]
(c)Explain why the fertiliser industry is important to agriculture in Pakistan.[3]
Show answer
(a) Natural gas.
1 mark.
(b) They are close to the gas fields of Sindh and Balochistan (e.g. Mari), so feedstock can be piped cheaply; they lie in major farming areas, so the market for fertiliser is close; they are on the main road and rail routes along the Indus, making distribution easy; water is available from the Indus and canals.
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to').
(c) Fertiliser replaces nutrients in heavily used soils, raising crop yields (e.g. wheat, cotton); local production keeps fertiliser cheaper and available on time, saving foreign exchange on imports; higher yields support food security and farm incomes.
1 mark per point; 3 marks for a developed point plus one other.
Q17Large-scale manufacturing and location · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 10 marks
(a)Pakistan Steel Mills was built at Port Qasim near Karachi. Explain two reasons for this location. You should develop your answer.[4]
(b)'Pakistan should depend on imported steel instead of producing its own.' Evaluate this statement.[6]
Show answer
(a) Iron ore and coking coal had to be imported, so a site at a port avoided long and costly land transport; Karachi is the largest market for steel (engineering, shipbuilding, construction); a large labour force was available; flat coastal land and sea water for cooling; good rail and road links to the rest of the country.
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to').
(b) For imports: Pakistan has little good iron ore or coking coal, so raw materials must be imported anyway; the state steel mill made heavy losses and stopped production in 2015; imported steel may be cheaper and of higher quality. Against: imports cost scarce foreign exchange and worsen the trade deficit; steel is needed for construction, engineering and defence, so self-reliance matters; a domestic steel industry creates jobs and linked industries; private steel re-rolling mills already exist. Judgement required.
Level marking. L1 (1–2): simple points, one side or generic. L2 (3–4): developed points on one side, or simple points on both sides. L3 (5–6): developed points on both sides with a named Pakistani example and a reasoned judgement.
Q18Large-scale manufacturing and location · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 10 marks
(a)Explain two ways in which energy shortages affect large-scale manufacturing in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.[4]
(b)Read these two views:View A: 'The main problem facing large-scale industry in Pakistan is the high cost of energy.'View B: 'The main problem facing large-scale industry in Pakistan is a lack of skilled workers and modern technology.'Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons for your answer, referring to examples you have studied.[6]
Show answer
(a) Load-shedding stops machines, so output falls and orders are delivered late, losing foreign buyers; factories must run their own generators, raising costs and making exports less competitive; gas shortages in winter close fertiliser and textile plants; investors are discouraged from setting up new factories.
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to').
(b) View A: high electricity and gas tariffs and load-shedding raise costs for textiles, cement and fertiliser; generators expensive. View B: outdated machinery in textile mills lowers quality; low literacy and few technical institutes limit skills; little research and development; low productivity. Other factors may be mentioned (political instability, taxes). Judgement required.
Level marking. L1 (1–2): simple points, one side or generic. L2 (3–4): developed points on one side, or simple points on both sides. L3 (5–6): developed points on both sides with a named Pakistani example and a reasoned judgement.
Q19Industrial growth policy (EPZs, SEZs, estates) · Core · Paper 2 style · 6 marks
(a)What is an export processing zone (EPZ)?[2]
(b)Name the first EPZ set up in Pakistan.[1]
(c)State three incentives offered to firms that set up in an EPZ.[3]
Show answer
(a) A fenced industrial area where firms can import raw materials and machinery free of duty and manufacture goods mainly for export.
(c) Any three: duty-free import of machinery and raw materials; tax exemptions / holidays; up to 100% foreign ownership; freedom to send profits abroad; ready-built plots with power, water and roads; quick customs clearance; a single office for permissions.
1 mark each.
Q20Industrial growth policy (EPZs, SEZs, estates) · Core · Paper 2 style · 5 marks
A new industrial estate has 480 plots. 312 plots have working factories, 54 plots have factories under construction and the rest are empty (hypothetical data).
(a)Calculate the percentage of plots that are occupied by working factories.[2]
(b)Calculate the number of plots that are empty.[1]
(c)Suggest two reasons why some plots on the estate are still empty.[2]
Show answer
(a) 65.0%
312 ÷ 480 × 100 (M1) = 65.0% (A1).
(b) 114
480 − 312 − 54 = 114.
(c) Shortage of electricity or gas connections; high cost of plots; security concerns; long distance from ports or markets; lack of skilled labour nearby; slow government approvals.
1 mark each.
Q21Industrial growth policy (EPZs, SEZs, estates) · Standard · Paper 2 style · 7 marks
(a)Name two industrial estates in Pakistan and the province in which each is located.[2]
(b)Explain two advantages to a manufacturer of setting up a factory on an industrial estate. You should develop your answer.[4]
(c)Suggest one disadvantage for local people of building a large industrial estate.[1]
(b) Plots come with roads, electricity, gas, water and drainage already provided, so the firm saves the cost and time of building these; firms are close to suppliers and customers, which cuts transport costs; shared services such as security, banks and waste treatment are cheaper; the government may give tax incentives.
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to').
(c) Loss of farmland / pollution of air and water / traffic congestion / pressure on housing.
1 mark.
Q22Industrial growth policy (EPZs, SEZs, estates) · Standard · Paper 2 style · 7 marks
(a)Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are being developed under the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Name two of them.[2]
(b)Rashakai SEZ is beside the M-1 motorway in Nowshera district. Explain two advantages of this location. You should develop your answer.[4]
(c)State one difference between an EPZ and an SEZ.[1]
Show answer
(a) Any two: Rashakai (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa); Allama Iqbal Industrial City, Faisalabad (Punjab); Dhabeji (Sindh); Bostan (Balochistan).
1 mark each.
(b) The motorway gives fast transport to Islamabad, Peshawar and on to Karachi port, reducing transport costs; it is on the route towards Afghanistan and Central Asia, giving access to new markets; a large labour force lives in the surrounding districts; electricity and gas networks are nearby.
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to').
(c) An EPZ produces mainly for export, while an SEZ firm may sell in the domestic market as well as export.
1 mark.
Q23Industrial growth policy (EPZs, SEZs, estates) · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 10 marks
(a)Explain two reasons why the government encourages industries to set up in less developed areas. You should develop your answer.[4]
(b)Read these two views:View A: 'Export processing zones and special economic zones are the best way to develop industry in Pakistan.'View B: 'Export processing zones and special economic zones bring little benefit to ordinary Pakistanis.'Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons for your answer, referring to examples you have studied.[6]
Show answer
(a) To create jobs in poorer regions, reducing unemployment and migration to big cities such as Karachi and Lahore; to spread wealth more evenly between provinces, reducing regional inequality; to use local raw materials (minerals, crops); to reduce congestion and pollution in big cities.
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to').
(b) View A: attract foreign investment and technology; create jobs; earn foreign exchange; ready infrastructure speeds up building (e.g. Karachi EPZ, Rashakai). View B: tax breaks reduce government revenue; many plots remain empty; jobs may go to outsiders or be low paid; profits leave the country; zones concentrated near big cities; local small firms may lose out. Judgement required.
Level marking. L1 (1–2): simple points, one side or generic. L2 (3–4): developed points on one side, or simple points on both sides. L3 (5–6): developed points on both sides with a named Pakistani example and a reasoned judgement.
Q24Industrial growth policy (EPZs, SEZs, estates) · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 10 marks
(a)Explain two ways in which government policy can influence where industries are located in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.[4]
(b)Evaluate the extent to which improved infrastructure, rather than tax incentives, attracts industry to an area.[6]
Show answer
(a) Tax holidays and duty exemptions in EPZs/SEZs make certain sites cheaper, attracting firms there; government builds roads, power and gas supply to industrial estates, so firms move to those places; restrictions on new factories in crowded cities push industry elsewhere; state-owned projects (e.g. steel mill at Port Qasim) create growth centres.
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to').
(b) Infrastructure: reliable electricity and gas, motorways and ports are basic needs; without them tax breaks are not enough (empty plots in remote zones). Tax incentives: lower costs and can attract export firms (EPZs) and foreign investors; matter for firms with small profit margins. Other factors: labour, markets, security. Judgement: both matter but infrastructure is usually the deciding factor.
Level marking. L1 (1–2): simple points, one side or generic. L2 (3–4): developed points on one side, or simple points on both sides. L3 (5–6): developed points on both sides with a named Pakistani example and a reasoned judgement.
Q25Cottage and small-scale industry · Core · Paper 2 style · 6 marks
(a)What is meant by a 'cottage industry'?[2]
(b)Name three products of cottage industries in Pakistan.[3]
(c)State one difference between cottage industry and large-scale industry.[1]
Show answer
(a) Small-scale manufacturing carried out in the home, using family labour, simple tools and usually local raw materials.
1 mark: in the home / small scale; 1 mark: family labour / simple tools / little capital.
(b) Any three: hand-knotted carpets; pottery (e.g. Multan blue pottery); embroidered cloth; handloom cloth; ajrak; leather goods (e.g. khussa shoes); wooden furniture / lacquer work; baskets and mats.
1 mark each.
(c) Cottage industry uses hand tools and family labour at home; large-scale industry uses machines and many paid workers in factories.
1 mark.
Q26Cottage and small-scale industry · Standard · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Explain two reasons why cottage and small-scale industries are important in rural Pakistan. You should develop your answer.[4]
(b)Explain two problems faced by cottage industries. You should develop your answer.[4]
Show answer
(a) They give work in the off-season when there is little farm work, raising family incomes; women can earn while working at home; they need little capital, so poor families can start them; they use local raw materials such as wool, leather and clay; they keep traditional crafts alive and some goods are exported.
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to').
(b) Difficulty getting loans, so workers depend on middlemen who take most of the profit; competition from cheap factory-made goods; lack of design training and quality control limits exports; poor transport and marketing in villages.
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to').
Q27Cottage and small-scale industry · Standard · Paper 2 style · 7 marks
A small workshop in Sialkot makes hand-stitched footballs. Each ball has 32 panels. It employs 25 stitchers. Each stitcher completes 4 balls a day, works 26 days a month and is paid Rs 180 per ball (hypothetical data).
(a)Calculate the number of footballs the workshop produces in one month.[1]
(b)Calculate the number of panels needed for one month's production.[1]
(c)Calculate a stitcher's earnings in one month.[1]
(d)Explain two reasons why Sialkot has become a centre for sports goods and surgical instruments. You should develop your answer.[4]
Show answer
(a) 2,600
25 × 4 × 26 = 2,600.
(b) 83,200
2,600 × 32 = 83,200.
(c) Rs 18,720
4 × 26 × 180 = Rs 18,720.
(d) A long tradition of skilled metal and leather craftsmen passed down in families; many small firms cluster together, sharing suppliers and skills; an export-processing and dry-port link (Sialkot dry port, international airport) makes exports easy; business community invested in its own infrastructure.
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to').
Q28Cottage and small-scale industry · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Name the government organisation that supports small and medium enterprises in Pakistan, and state one way it helps them.[2]
(b)Read these two views:View A: 'The government should spend more on supporting cottage and small-scale industry than on large-scale industry.'View B: 'Large-scale industry should get priority because it does more to develop Pakistan's economy.'Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons for your answer, referring to examples you have studied.[6]
Show answer
(a) SMEDA (Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority); it gives business advice / training / help with finance and marketing / common facility centres.
1 mark name; 1 mark help.
(b) View A: cottage industry employs many people, especially women and rural workers, with little capital; reduces rural poverty and migration; uses local materials; exports such as carpets and Sialkot goods. View B: large-scale industry produces more output and exports (textiles), pays more tax, uses modern technology, supplies inputs (cement, fertiliser, steel). Judgement required.
Level marking. L1 (1–2): simple points, one side or generic. L2 (3–4): developed points on one side, or simple points on both sides. L3 (5–6): developed points on both sides with a named Pakistani example and a reasoned judgement.
Q29Informal sector · Core · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)What is meant by the 'informal sector'?[2]
(b)Give three examples of informal-sector jobs in a Pakistani city.[3]
(c)Explain why many people in Pakistan's cities work in the informal sector. You should develop your answer.[3]
Show answer
(a) Work that is not registered with or regulated by the government, so workers pay no tax and have no legal protection such as contracts, pensions or social security.
1 mark: unregistered / unregulated / not taxed; 1 mark: no contracts / benefits / job security.
(b) Any three: street vendors / hawkers; rickshaw or loader drivers; shoe-shiners; domestic workers; casual construction labourers; small roadside repair workshops; rag pickers.
1 mark each.
(c) Rapid rural–urban migration means more workers than formal jobs; many migrants lack education or skills needed for formal jobs; informal work needs little or no capital, so it is easy to start.
1 mark per reason + 1 for development, max 3.
Q30Informal sector · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
A survey of 1,250 workers in a town in Punjab found that 900 worked in the informal sector. The 900 informal workers were in these jobs (hypothetical data):street vending 270; transport (rickshaw, loader) 225; construction labour 180; domestic work 135; small workshops 90
(a)Calculate the percentage of the workers surveyed who work in the informal sector.[1]
(b)Calculate the percentage of the informal workers who are street vendors.[1]
(c)Evaluate the extent to which the informal sector benefits Pakistan's economy.[6]
Show answer
(a) 72.0%
900 ÷ 1,250 × 100 = 72.0%.
(b) 30.0%
270 ÷ 900 × 100 = 30.0%.
(c) Benefits: provides jobs and income for millions who cannot find formal work, reducing poverty and crime; low-cost goods and services for poorer people; a training ground for skills; needs no government investment. Problems: no tax paid, so government revenue is low; workers have low and irregular pay, no safety rules, pensions or health cover; child labour; congestion and encroachment on pavements. Judgement required.
Level marking. L1 (1–2): simple points, one side or generic. L2 (3–4): developed points on one side, or simple points on both sides. L3 (5–6): developed points on both sides with a named Pakistani example and a reasoned judgement.
Similar questions
Questions that test the same subtopic in different years, grouped so you can work on one skill at a time.
References only: find each question in its paper (official link where available, otherwise through your school).
