2022 Oct/Nov · Paper 22 · Q4 (a, b)9.3334 marksJihad
2022 May/June · Paper 22 · Q5 (a, b)9.3334 marksFestivals and days of special significance · Pilgrimage (hajj) and sacrifice
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Practice questions
Original questions written by HomiLabs in the style of the exam, with answers and mark schemes. They are not
Cambridge past paper questions and have not been reviewed by Cambridge. Try each one before opening the answer.
Q1Prayer (salat) · Core · Paper 2 style · 14 marks
(a)Describe the conditions that must be met before a Muslim can begin the obligatory prayer.[10]
(b)Describe the main actions of wudu as given in the Qur'an.[4]
Show answer
(a) The person must be a Muslim, sane and of age; must be in a state of ritual purity, having performed wudu (or a full bath when required, or tayammum if water cannot be used); the body, clothes and place of prayer must be clean; the body must be properly covered; the prayer must be offered at its correct time; the person must face the qibla, towards the Ka'ba in Makka; and must make the intention for the particular prayer.
Indicative content: Muslim/sane/adult; wudu or ghusl; tayammum where water cannot be used; clean body, clothes, place; covering the body; correct time; facing the qibla; intention. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.
(b) Sura 5.6 tells believers, before prayer, to wash their faces and their arms up to the elbows, to wipe their heads, and (wash or wipe) their feet up to the ankles.
Mark points to credit: Any three of: face; arms to elbows; wiping the head; feet to the ankles. (Other Sunna actions such as rinsing mouth and nose may be credited if the four Qur'anic actions are present.). Model answer: Sura 5.6 tells believers, before prayer, to wash their faces and their arms up to the elbows, to wipe their heads, and (wash or wipe) their feet up to the ankles. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.
Q2Prayer (salat) · Core · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Name the five daily prayers and state roughly when each is prayed.[5]
(b)The obligatory prayers have 2, 4, 4, 3 and 4 units (rak'at) respectively. How many obligatory rak'at does a Muslim pray in one day?[1]
(c)Why do you think the prayers are spread through the day rather than performed all at once?[2]
Show answer
(a) Fajr: from dawn until sunrise; Zuhr: just after midday when the sun passes its highest point; 'Asr: in the afternoon; Maghrib: just after sunset; 'Isha: at night, after twilight has gone.
1 mark for each prayer correctly named with its time.
(b) 17 rak'at.
B1: 2 + 4 + 4 + 3 + 4 = 17.
(c) They keep a Muslim mindful of God throughout the day, breaking up work and leisure; regular reminders help avoid wrongdoing and build discipline and time management.
1 mark each for any two developed reasons.
Q3Prayer (salat) · Core · Paper 2 style · 14 marks
(a)Describe the main actions performed in one unit (rak'a) of prayer.[10]
(b)Prostration is the position in which the worshipper is closest to God. What does this position teach a Muslim?[4]
Show answer
(a) Standing facing the qibla with the intention; raising the hands and saying 'God is Greatest' to begin; reciting Sura al-Fatiha (and another passage in the first two units); bowing (ruku') and glorifying God; standing up again and praising God; prostrating (sujud) with forehead, nose, palms, knees and toes touching the ground and glorifying God; sitting briefly; a second prostration; at the end of the prayer, sitting for the testimony (tashahhud) and finishing by turning the head to the right and left with greetings of peace.
Indicative content: Intention; opening takbir; al-Fatiha; another recitation; bowing; rising; first prostration (parts of body touching ground); sitting between; second prostration; tashahhud; closing salam. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.
(b) Humility and submission: placing the forehead on the ground shows that all people are servants of God, removing pride and arrogance.
Mark points to credit: Humility/submission; removal of pride / equality before God. Model answer: Humility and submission: placing the forehead on the ground shows that all people are servants of God, removing pride and arrogance. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.
Q4Prayer (salat) · Core · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)State what a Muslim should do if they miss an obligatory prayer.[2]
(b)Describe how the five daily prayers were made obligatory.[3]
(c)Why is prayer described as the pillar most closely linked to a Muslim's faith?[3]
Show answer
(a) Perform it (make it up, qada') as soon as they remember or are able, and ask God's forgiveness if it was missed through carelessness.
1 mark: make it up as soon as possible; 1 mark: repent if missed deliberately/carelessly.
(b) During the Night Journey and Ascension (al-Isra' wa al-Mi'raj) the Prophet (pbuh) was taken to the heavens; God made prayers obligatory there, first a larger number; on Musa's advice the Prophet (pbuh) asked for a reduction several times until it became five, with the reward of fifty.
1 mark each for any three of: during the Mi'raj; directly from God; originally more; reduced on Musa's advice; five prayers with reward of fifty.
(c) It is the first act of worship a person will be asked about on the Day of Judgement; it is repeated daily, constantly renewing faith; it is the clearest outward sign of being a Muslim; it was given directly in the heavens, showing its special status.
1 mark per developed reason up to 3.
Q5Prayer (salat) · Standard · Paper 2 style · 14 marks
(a)Describe the call to prayer (adhan) and its importance in the Muslim community.[10]
(b)In some cities, mosques coordinate a single call to prayer broadcast at the same moment. Suggest one benefit and one concern a community might discuss about this.[4]
Show answer
(a) It is called aloud by the mu'adhdhin before each obligatory prayer; it declares that God is the Greatest, bears witness that there is no god but God and that Muhammad is His Messenger, calls people to come to prayer and to success, and ends by declaring God's greatness and oneness; Bilal was the first mu'adhdhin in Madina; it announces the time of prayer to the community, gathers people to the mosque, publicly declares the message of Islam, and is also whispered into the ear of a newborn baby.
Indicative content: Called before each prayer by the mu'adhdhin; God is Greatest; testimony of faith; call to prayer and success; ends with God's oneness; Bilal first mu'adhdhin; announces time; gathers community; public declaration of faith; whispered to newborn. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.
(b) Benefit: avoids overlapping loud calls at slightly different times, gives a clear signal to everyone and reduces noise complaints. Concern: local mosques lose their own mu'adhdhin's role and the personal link with the community, or local prayer times may differ slightly.
Mark points to credit: Benefit; concern; development or judgement. Model answer: Benefit: avoids overlapping loud calls at slightly different times, gives a clear signal to everyone and reduces noise complaints. Concern: local mosques lose their own mu'adhdhin's role and the personal link with the community, or local prayer times may differ slightly. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.
Q6Prayer (salat) · Standard · Paper 2 style · 14 marks
(a)Explain the benefits of congregational prayer for the Muslim community.[10]
(b)A young professional in Karachi often prays alone at his desk. Explain to him why he might make the effort to pray in congregation when he can.[4]
Show answer
(a) It brings neighbours together five times a day, so people know each other's needs and help one another; rich and poor, employer and worker stand side by side in straight rows, showing equality; following one imam teaches discipline, order and obedience to rightful leadership; the Prophet (pbuh) taught that praying in congregation brings many times more reward than praying alone; the mosque becomes a centre for learning and welfare; it strengthens unity and brotherhood across races and languages.
Indicative content: Communal benefits: meeting and caring for neighbours; equality, standing side by side; discipline and leadership (following the imam); extra reward (27 times); the mosque as a community centre; unity and brotherhood. Individual benefits are not credited; Level 4 needs several developed communal benefits. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.
(b) He would gain the greater reward promised for congregational prayer, meet and support other Muslims, and feel part of the community; it builds discipline and gives a break from work; if a nearby mosque or prayer room is not possible, praying with colleagues in a group is still congregational.
Mark points to credit: Developed reason (reward; community; discipline/well-being; practical suggestion). Model answer: He would gain the greater reward promised for congregational prayer, meet and support other Muslims, and feel part of the community; it builds discipline and gives a break from work; if a nearby mosque or prayer room is not possible, praying with colleagues in a group is still congregational. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.
Q7Prayer (salat) · Standard · Paper 2 style · 14 marks
(a)Describe the Friday congregational prayer (Jumu'a).[10]
(b)How can the Friday sermon help a Muslim community deal with issues facing it today?[4]
Show answer
(a) It is held at the time of the midday prayer on Friday and replaces Zuhr for those who attend; the Qur'an tells believers to hurry to the remembrance of God when the call is made on Friday and to leave their trading, and then to disperse and seek God's bounty after the prayer (Sura 62.9–10); it is obligatory on adult men who are resident and able (women may attend); Muslims take a bath, wear clean clothes and perfume and come early; the imam gives a sermon (khutba), in two parts, which worshippers listen to in silence; then two rak'at are prayed in congregation.
Indicative content: At midday Friday; replaces Zuhr; Qur'anic command (62.9–10); leave trade / return to work afterwards; who must attend; preparation (bath, clean clothes); khutba in two parts; listen silently; two rak'at in congregation. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.
(b) The imam can give guidance on current issues such as honesty in business, drug abuse, care of the environment or helping flood victims; it reaches the whole community each week; it can unite people around shared action and correct misunderstandings.
Mark points to credit: Developed point with an example. Model answer: The imam can give guidance on current issues such as honesty in business, drug abuse, care of the environment or helping flood victims; it reaches the whole community each week; it can unite people around shared action and correct misunderstandings. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.
Q8Prayer (salat) · Standard · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Describe the concessions Islam allows in prayer for a traveller and for a person who is ill.[5]
(b)Calculate how many obligatory rak'at a traveller prays in one full day when shortening, and how many fewer this is than the usual 17.[2]
(c)What do these concessions show about Islam?[1]
Show answer
(a) A traveller on a journey of the required distance may shorten the four-unit prayers (Zuhr, 'Asr, 'Isha) to two units, while Fajr and Maghrib stay the same; travellers may also combine prayers (Zuhr with 'Asr and Maghrib with 'Isha) according to the rules of their school; a sick person who cannot stand may pray sitting, and if unable to sit may pray lying down, using gestures; if water would harm them they may perform tayammum; prayer is never dropped completely while a person is conscious.
1 mark each for any five of: shortening 4-unit prayers to 2; Fajr and Maghrib unchanged; combining prayers; sitting if unable to stand; lying down / gestures; tayammum if water harmful; prayer still required.
(c) That God makes religion easy and does not burden a person beyond their capacity.
1 mark: ease / no undue hardship.
Q9Prayer (salat) · Standard · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Explain when a Muslim may perform tayammum and describe how it is done.[4]
(b)A group of students on a hiking trip in the northern areas of Pakistan run out of water at prayer time. Explain what they should do and what this teaches about prayer.[4]
Show answer
(a) It is allowed when water is not available, or not enough for drinking and wudu, or when using water would cause harm through illness or extreme cold; the person makes the intention, strikes clean earth or dust with the palms, and wipes the face and then the hands (Sura 5.6 and 4.43 permit it); it is cancelled when water becomes available or by anything that breaks wudu.
1 mark each for any four of: no water / not enough; illness or harm; intention; strike clean earth/dust; wipe face; wipe hands; Qur'anic basis; ends when water found.
(b) They should perform tayammum with clean earth and pray on time, facing the qibla as best they can (using a compass or the sun) and may shorten if they qualify as travellers; this shows that prayer must not be missed, and that Islam provides practical ways to keep it in any situation.
1 mark: tayammum; 1 mark: pray on time / find qibla; 1 mark: possible shortening; 1 mark: lesson (prayer never abandoned / Islam is practical).
Q10Prayer (salat) · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Explain how regular prayer can change a Muslim's character and behaviour.[4]
(b)'Some people pray regularly but still behave badly, so prayer does not really change people.' Discuss this view.[4]
Show answer
(a) The Qur'an says prayer restrains a person from shameful and wrong deeds (Sura 29.45); remembering God five times a day reminds a person they are accountable; regular timings build discipline and punctuality; purity before prayer encourages cleanliness; standing in rows builds humility and equality; asking forgiveness in prayer encourages honesty about faults; patience and prayer are described as sources of help (Sura 2.45).
1 mark each for any four developed points (restrains from wrong; accountability; discipline; cleanliness; humility; seeking help through patience and prayer).
(b) The fault is not in prayer but in how it is performed: prayer without attention and sincerity has little effect, and the Qur'an condemns those who are heedless of their prayer; when prayed with understanding and humility it does affect behaviour, as the Qur'an promises; so prayer is a powerful means of change but needs sincere effort; a judgement is required.
Level marking. 1: simple view. 2: one argument explained. 3: both sides discussed. 4: balanced discussion with reasoned conclusion (role of sincerity/khushu').
Q11Prayer (salat) · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Describe the change of the qibla from Jerusalem to the Ka'ba.[4]
(b)Explain why facing one qibla is important for Muslims all over the world today.[4]
Show answer
(a) In Makka and for the first months in Madina the Muslims prayed facing Jerusalem; about sixteen to seventeen months after the migration, verses were revealed telling the Prophet (pbuh) to turn his face towards the Sacred Mosque in Makka (Sura 2.144); the Prophet (pbuh) had hoped for this; some Muslims who heard the news turned during their prayer; opponents criticised the change, and the Qur'an answered that East and West belong to God and that the change was a test of who follows the Messenger.
1 mark each for any four of: first qibla Jerusalem; change about 16–17 months after hijra; Qur'anic command (2.144); Prophet's wish; Muslims turned during prayer; criticism answered (East and West belong to God); a test of obedience.
(b) It unites Muslims everywhere in one direction, from Indonesia to Canada, showing one community worshipping one God; it links them to Ibrahim and Isma'il who built the Ka'ba; it shows obedience to God's command; it gives a sense of belonging and discipline; it does not mean worshipping the Ka'ba, as Muslims worship only God.
1 mark per developed point up to 4.
Q12Prayer (salat) · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Describe the prayers on the two Eids and the prayer at a funeral (janaza).[4]
(b)A Muslim working night shifts in a hospital in Lahore finds it hard to keep all five prayers on time. Suggest how he can keep his prayers and explain why it is worth the effort.[4]
Show answer
(a) Eid prayers: offered in congregation in the morning of Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha, often in an open ground; two units with extra calls of 'God is Greatest'; no call to prayer is made; a sermon is given by the imam; Muslims wear their best clothes. Funeral prayer: a congregational prayer for a dead Muslim, offered standing with the body in front of the imam; there is no bowing or prostration; it includes praising God, blessings on the Prophet (pbuh) and prayers for forgiveness for the dead person; it is a communal duty.
Up to 2 marks for Eid prayer (time/place, two units with extra takbirs, no adhan, sermon) and up to 2 marks for funeral prayer (standing only, no bowing/prostration, prayers for the dead, communal duty).
(b) He can learn the prayer times for his shift, use short breaks to pray in the hospital prayer room, ask his supervisor for a few minutes at prayer times, and set reminders; prayer brings calm and strength in stressful work and keeps him connected to God; showing commitment can also inspire colleagues.
1 mark per developed practical suggestion (max 2) and 1 mark per reason why it matters (max 2).
Q13Pilgrimage (hajj) and sacrifice · Core · Paper 2 style · 14 marks
(a)Describe the main rites of hajj from the 8th to the 10th of Dhu al-Hijja.[10]
(b)State two conditions that make hajj obligatory for a Muslim.[4]
Show answer
(a) Pilgrims in ihram go to Mina on the 8th and pray there; on the 9th they go to the plain of 'Arafat and stand in prayer and supplication from midday to sunset (the most important rite); after sunset they go to Muzdalifa, pray and spend the night, and collect pebbles; on the 10th they throw seven pebbles at the large pillar (Jamrat al-'Aqaba) in Mina; they offer an animal sacrifice; men shave or shorten their hair and women cut a lock of hair; they return to Makka for the tawaf al-ifada around the Ka'ba (and the sa'i between Safa and Marwa if not done earlier).
Indicative content: Mina on 8th; 'Arafat on 9th (standing / supplication); importance of 'Arafat; Muzdalifa night / pebbles; stoning Jamrat al-'Aqaba on 10th (seven pebbles); sacrifice; shaving/cutting hair; tawaf al-ifada; sa'i. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.
(b) Any two of: being an adult; being sane; being able to afford the journey and to leave enough for dependants; being physically able; a safe route (and for women, arrangements according to their school).
Credit a reasoned answer such as: Any two of: being an adult; being sane; being able to afford the journey and to leave enough for dependants; being physically able; a safe route (and for women, arrangements according to their school). Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.
Q14Pilgrimage (hajj) and sacrifice · Core · Paper 2 style · 14 marks
(a)Describe ihram and the restrictions it places on the pilgrim.[10]
(b)Explain what the simple clothing of ihram teaches pilgrims.[4]
Show answer
(a) Ihram is the sacred state entered before reaching the miqat (boundary points) for hajj or 'umra, with the intention and the call of response to God (talbiya); men wear two plain, unstitched white sheets and women wear simple modest clothing with the face and hands uncovered; restrictions include: no cutting hair or nails, no perfume, no hunting, no cutting plants in the sacred area, no marriage contracts or marital relations, no quarrelling or bad language; men may not cover their heads.
Indicative content: A sacred state; entered at the miqat; intention and talbiya; men wear two white unsewn sheets; women wear modest clothing with face and hands uncovered; restrictions — no cutting hair or nails; no perfume; no sexual relations or marriage; no hunting; no quarrelling; men do not cover their heads. Both the meaning of ihram and its restrictions are needed for Level 3 and above. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.
(b) Everyone looks the same, so differences of wealth, nationality and status disappear; it reminds them of the burial shroud and the Day of Judgement; it encourages humility and focus on God rather than appearance.
Mark points to credit: Developed point (equality; reminder of death/judgement; humility). Model answer: Everyone looks the same, so differences of wealth, nationality and status disappear; it reminds them of the burial shroud and the Day of Judgement; it encourages humility and focus on God rather than appearance. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.
Q15Pilgrimage (hajj) and sacrifice · Standard · Paper 2 style · 14 marks
(a)Describe how the rites of hajj recall the lives of the Prophet Ibrahim, his wife Hajar and their son Isma'il.[10]
(b)Which lesson from Hajar's story do you think is most relevant to Muslims today? Give a reason.[4]
Show answer
(a) Ibrahim and Isma'il built the Ka'ba as a house for the worship of the One God (Sura 2.127), so tawaf around it recalls their work; Ibrahim called people to pilgrimage; the sa'i between Safa and Marwa recalls Hajar running between the two hills in search of water for her baby, and the spring of Zamzam that God made flow, from which pilgrims drink; the stoning of the pillars recalls Ibrahim's rejection of Satan's temptations; the sacrifice recalls Ibrahim's willingness to sacrifice his son at God's command and God's ransoming him with a ram (Sura 37.102–107); the Station of Ibrahim near the Ka'ba marks where he stood.
Indicative content: Building the Ka'ba; tawaf; Ibrahim's call to pilgrimage; Hajar's search between Safa and Marwa; Zamzam; stoning and rejection of Satan; sacrifice of the son and the ram; Station of Ibrahim. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.
(b) e.g. combining trust in God with effort: she ran seven times searching, yet the water came from God; people today should work hard and trust God for the outcome (or: patience; the value of mothers' sacrifice).
Mark points to credit: Lesson; reason linked to life today. Model answer: e.g. combining trust in God with effort: she ran seven times searching, yet the water came from God; people today should work hard and trust God for the outcome (or: patience; the value of mothers' sacrifice). Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.
Q16Pilgrimage (hajj) and sacrifice · Standard · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Write about the importance of the Day of 'Arafa for pilgrims.[4]
(b)Describe two teachings of the Farewell Sermon and explain their relevance today.[4]
Show answer
(a) On the 9th of Dhu al-Hijja pilgrims stand on the plain of 'Arafat from after midday until sunset; the Prophet (pbuh) taught that hajj is 'Arafa, so a pilgrim who misses it has missed the hajj; pilgrims spend the time in prayer, supplication and asking forgiveness; it was here that the Prophet (pbuh) gave his Farewell Sermon in 632 CE, and the verse saying the religion had been perfected was revealed; it reminds pilgrims of standing before God on the Day of Judgement (but is not to be confused with it).
1 mark each for any four of: 9th Dhu al-Hijja; standing from midday to sunset; hajj is 'Arafa / essential rite; prayer and forgiveness; Farewell Sermon; completion of religion verse (5.3); reminder of the Day of Judgement.
(b) e.g. all people are equal, no Arab is better than a non-Arab, nor white than black, except by piety, which challenges racism today; the rights of women must be respected and husbands must treat wives kindly, relevant to family life; lives, property and honour are sacred, relevant to crime and corruption; interest was abolished, relevant to finance.
For each of two teachings: 1 mark for the teaching, 1 mark for its modern relevance.
Q17Pilgrimage (hajj) and sacrifice · Standard · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Describe the sacrifice (qurbani) performed at Eid al-Adha and explain its meaning.[5]
(b)A family in Faisalabad sacrifices a goat that gives 18 kg of meat and divides it in three equal shares as recommended. How much meat goes to the poor?[1]
(c)Some Muslims living abroad pay a charity to carry out their sacrifice in a poor country. Do you think this keeps the meaning of the sacrifice? Give a reason.[2]
Show answer
(a) It is performed on the 10th of Dhu al-Hijja after the Eid prayer, and on the following days of Eid, by pilgrims and by Muslims around the world who can afford it; a healthy animal of the right age (sheep, goat, cow or camel) is slaughtered in God's name, humanely; a common recommended practice is to keep a third of the meat, give a third to relatives and friends and a third to the poor; it recalls Ibrahim's obedience; the Qur'an says it is not the meat or the blood that reaches God but the believers' piety (Sura 22.37).
1 mark each for any five of: timing; who performs it; healthy animal / types; slaughter in God's name, humanely; sharing of meat (thirds); remembrance of Ibrahim; piety, not meat/blood, reaches God (22.37).
(b) 6 kg.
B1: 18 ÷ 3 = 6 kg.
(c) Yes, mostly: the act of obedience and sharing with the needy is kept, and the meat reaches people who rarely eat it; but the family loses the personal experience and sharing with neighbours, so some do both.
1 mark: judgement with reason; 1 mark: counter-point or development.
Q18Pilgrimage (hajj) and sacrifice · Standard · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Describe the stoning of the pillars (jamarat) during the days of hajj.[4]
(b)Calculate the total number of pebbles thrown by a pilgrim who leaves Mina on the 12th, and by one who stays for the 13th.[2]
(c)Explain what the stoning teaches Muslims about resisting temptation in daily life.[2]
Show answer
(a) On the 10th of Dhu al-Hijja pilgrims throw seven small pebbles at the largest pillar, Jamrat al-'Aqaba; on the 11th and 12th (the days of tashriq) they throw seven pebbles at each of the three pillars, starting with the smallest; some stay for the 13th and stone the three pillars again; each throw is accompanied by saying 'God is Greatest'; the act recalls Ibrahim's rejection of Satan.
1 mark each for any four of: 10th: seven at Jamrat al-'Aqaba; 11th and 12th: seven at each of three pillars; order (smallest first); optional 13th; takbir with each throw; symbolism (rejecting Satan).
(b) Leaves on the 12th: 7 + 21 + 21 = 49 pebbles. Stays for the 13th: 49 + 21 = 70 pebbles.
B1: 49. B1: 70.
(c) It is a symbolic, repeated rejection of evil, reminding Muslims that temptation must be resisted again and again, e.g. refusing to cheat or to waste time on harmful content, and that God's help is sought in doing so.
1 mark: symbolism of rejecting evil repeatedly; 1 mark: modern application.
Q19Pilgrimage (hajj) and sacrifice · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Explain the lessons that hajj teaches about equality and unity of the Muslim community.[4]
(b)'The lessons of hajj are wasted if pilgrims return home and live as before.' How far do you agree? Give reasons.[4]
Show answer
(a) Millions of Muslims of every race, nation and language gather in one place at one time; all wear the same simple clothing, so rich and poor cannot be told apart; all perform the same rites in the same order, facing the same Ka'ba; they pray together and share hardships; the Farewell Sermon stresses that no one is superior except by piety; pilgrims return with a sense of a worldwide brotherhood.
1 mark per developed point up to 4.
(b) Largely agree: hajj is meant to bring lasting change, and the Prophet (pbuh) said an accepted hajj returns a person sinless like a newborn, which brings the duty to start afresh; returning pilgrims should be more honest, patient and generous and less proud; however, even if a person slips, the forgiveness and experience still have value and can be renewed through repentance; a judgement with reasons is needed.
Level marking. 1: simple view. 2: one reason explained. 3: two reasons or a counter-argument. 4: balanced, reasoned judgement with examples of change expected.
Q20Pilgrimage (hajj) and sacrifice · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Explain the differences between hajj and 'umra.[4]
(b)Every year more Muslims apply for hajj than the number of places available, and governments use a quota system. Explain how Muslims should respond if they cannot go, and what alternatives Islam offers.[4]
Show answer
(a) Hajj is a pillar of Islam, obligatory once in a lifetime for those able; 'umra is not a pillar: most Hanafi and Maliki scholars regard it as a strongly recommended Sunna, while Shafi'i and Hanbali scholars hold it obligatory once in a lifetime; hajj can only be performed on fixed days in Dhu al-Hijja, while 'umra may be done at any time of year; hajj includes standing at 'Arafat, the nights at Muzdalifa and Mina, the stoning and the sacrifice; 'umra consists of ihram, tawaf, sa'i and shaving or cutting the hair, and takes only a few hours.
1 mark each for any four contrasts: status (hajj a pillar; 'umra not a pillar — Sunna or once-obligatory depending on the school); timing (fixed vs any time); rites of hajj beyond 'umra; rites of 'umra; length.
(b) Hajj is only required for those who are able, and being unable because of the quota is a valid excuse; they should keep the sincere intention and try again; meanwhile they can fast on the Day of 'Arafa, offer a sacrifice at Eid al-Adha, perform 'umra if possible, and do extra good deeds in the first ten days of Dhu al-Hijja, which are highly blessed; they should not use dishonest means (bribery or false documents) to obtain a place.
1 mark: not obligatory when unable / valid excuse; 1 mark: keep intention; 1 mark: alternatives (fasting 'Arafa, sacrifice, 'umra, good deeds in first ten days); 1 mark: rejection of dishonest means / developed point.
Q21Festivals and days of special significance · Core · Paper 2 style · 14 marks
(a)Describe how Muslims celebrate Eid al-Fitr.[10]
(b)Explain the purpose of zakat al-fitr.[4]
Show answer
(a) It is celebrated on the 1st of Shawwal, at the end of Ramadan, when the new moon is sighted; before the Eid prayer each household pays zakat al-fitr (a set amount of staple food or its value for each member) to the poor; Muslims bathe, wear new or best clothes and often eat something sweet before going to the prayer; they say 'God is Greatest' on the way; they attend the Eid prayer and sermon in congregation; they greet each other, visit relatives and friends, give gifts to children (eidi) and share food.
Indicative content: 1st Shawwal / end of Ramadan; moon sighting; zakat al-fitr before prayer; bathing and best clothes; eating before prayer; takbirs; Eid prayer and sermon; greetings, visits, gifts, food. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.
(b) It purifies the fasting person from any idle or bad talk during Ramadan; it ensures the poor can also celebrate Eid and have food on the day; it reminds the community that celebration must include everyone.
Mark points to credit: Each of the three points. Model answer: It purifies the fasting person from any idle or bad talk during Ramadan; it ensures the poor can also celebrate Eid and have food on the day; it reminds the community that celebration must include everyone. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.
Q22Festivals and days of special significance · Core · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Describe the celebration of Eid al-Adha.[4]
(b)In some cities, waste from animal sacrifice creates hygiene problems. How can Muslims celebrate Eid al-Adha in a way that also respects the environment and their neighbours?[4]
Show answer
(a) It takes place on the 10th of Dhu al-Hijja, during the hajj; Muslims attend the Eid prayer in congregation in the morning; those who can afford it sacrifice an animal after the prayer, in memory of Ibrahim's obedience; the meat is shared with family, friends and the poor; people repeat 'God is Greatest' during the days of Eid; families visit one another and celebrate for several days.
1 mark each for any four of: 10th Dhu al-Hijja; linked to hajj; Eid prayer; sacrifice after prayer; Ibrahim's obedience; sharing meat with poor; takbirs during the days of Eid; visits and celebration over several days.
(b) Sacrifice at approved slaughterhouses or designated places; dispose of waste properly and clean the area; avoid blocking streets or causing distress to neighbours; give some meat to non-Muslim neighbours; this follows Islamic teaching on cleanliness, not harming others and kindness to neighbours.
1 mark per developed practical point up to 3; 1 mark for linking to an Islamic teaching (cleanliness, no harm, rights of neighbours).
Q23Festivals and days of special significance · Standard · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Write about the Day of 'Ashura and the reasons it is significant for Muslims.[4]
(b)How can Muslims remembering 'Ashura in Pakistan help to strengthen unity between different groups in the community?[4]
Show answer
(a) It is the 10th of Muharram; when the Prophet (pbuh) arrived in Madina he learned that the Jews fasted on this day to remember God saving the Prophet Musa and his people from Pharaoh; he fasted on it and encouraged Muslims to fast; later Ramadan became the obligatory fast and the 'Ashura fast remained voluntary; it is also the day on which Husayn, the grandson of the Prophet (pbuh), was martyred at Karbala in 680 CE, which Muslims, and especially Shi'a Muslims, remember with mourning and gatherings.
1 mark each for any four of: 10th Muharram; Musa saved from Pharaoh; Prophet (pbuh) fasted and encouraged it; became voluntary after Ramadan; martyrdom of Husayn at Karbala; remembrance/mourning gatherings.
(b) By respecting each other's ways of remembering the day; joining in shared values such as standing against injustice, which Husayn's sacrifice represents, and gratitude for God's help to Musa; offering water and food to those in processions or gatherings; avoiding hurtful speech and co-operating with authorities for peace and security.
1 mark per developed point up to 4.
Q24Festivals and days of special significance · Standard · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Describe the significance of the Day of 'Arafa for Muslims who are not on hajj, and of the first ten days of Dhu al-Hijja.[4]
(b)Why do you think Muslims who are not on hajj are given ways to share in the blessings of these days?[4]
Show answer
(a) The first ten days of Dhu al-Hijja are described as the best days of the year for good deeds; Muslims increase remembrance of God, saying 'God is Greatest', and do extra good works; those not on hajj are encouraged to fast on the Day of 'Arafa (9th), which the Prophet (pbuh) said expiates the sins of the previous year and the coming year; those planning to sacrifice often avoid cutting their hair and nails from the start of the month until the sacrifice.
1 mark each for any four of: first ten days best for good deeds; extra remembrance/takbirs; fasting on 'Arafa for non-pilgrims; expiation of two years' sins; not cutting hair/nails before sacrifice; link with pilgrims' rites.
(b) Most Muslims cannot go on hajj, so God's mercy gives everyone an opportunity for reward and forgiveness; it links the worldwide community with the pilgrims in spirit; it keeps the meaning of Ibrahim's sacrifice alive at home; it shows that sincerity, not location, is what counts.
1 mark per developed reason up to 4.
Q25Festivals and days of special significance · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Describe how the Islamic (Hijri) calendar was established and how it works.[4]
(b)Taking a solar year as 365 days and a lunar year as 354 days, by how many days do Ramadan and the two Eids move earlier each solar year?[1]
(c)Explain one benefit for Muslims of festivals and fasting moving through all the seasons over the years.[3]
Show answer
(a) It was introduced during the caliphate of 'Umar, who, after consulting the Companions, chose the year of the migration (622 CE) as its starting point; it is a lunar calendar of twelve months, each beginning with the sighting of the new moon; the year begins with Muharram; months include Ramadan (fasting), Shawwal (Eid al-Fitr) and Dhu al-Hijja (hajj and Eid al-Adha); a lunar year is about 354 days.
1 mark each for any four of: introduced by 'Umar; consultation; starts from hijra 622 CE; lunar; twelve months; moon sighting; first month Muharram; about 354 days; festivals linked to months.
(b) About 11 days.
B1: 365 − 354 = 11.
(c) Over about 33 years Muslims in every country fast in both long summer days and short winter days, so no region is always favoured or burdened; this is fair to Muslims worldwide and teaches adaptability and patience.
1 mark: moves through seasons; 1 mark: fairness for all regions; 1 mark: developed lesson.
Q26Festivals and days of special significance · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Explain how the Islamic festivals combine worship with celebration.[4]
(b)'For many people today, Eid has become more about shopping and food than worship.' To what extent do you agree? Give reasons.[4]
Show answer
(a) Both Eids begin with congregational prayer and sermon; they follow acts of worship (the fast of Ramadan; the hajj); they include remembrance of God through takbirs; charity is built in (zakat al-fitr, sharing sacrifice meat); then families and communities celebrate with food, new clothes, visits and gifts; enjoyment is lawful but within Islamic limits.
1 mark per developed point up to 4.
(b) Partly agree: spending on clothes, food and gifts can overshadow prayer and charity, and debt or waste can result; but most Muslims still attend the Eid prayer, pay zakat al-fitr and visit relatives, and celebrating God's blessings is itself encouraged; the balance depends on individuals and families keeping worship and charity central.
Level marking. 1: simple statement. 2: one side explained. 3: both sides. 4: reasoned judgement with examples.
Q27Jihad · Core · Paper 2 style · 14 marks
(a)Explain the meaning of jihad and describe its different forms.[10]
(b)Give an example of jihad of the self that a teenager might face.[4]
Show answer
(a) Jihad means striving or struggling in the way of God; the greater jihad is the struggle against one's own selfish desires and temptations to become a better Muslim; jihad of the tongue/pen is speaking and writing for truth and justice, including speaking a just word before an unjust ruler; jihad through wealth is spending for good causes; jihad of the hand includes working to change wrong by action, such as serving the community; the lesser, armed jihad is fighting in defence of Muslims or against oppression, under strict conditions and rightful authority.
Indicative content: Meaning — striving or struggle in God's way. Forms with brief explanation: against the self (the greater jihad); with the tongue / pen; with wealth; with the hand / action; armed (the lesser jihad) with its conditions (defence, under authority, no harm to non-combatants); seeking knowledge. Both the meaning and several explained forms are needed for Level 3 and above. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.
(b) e.g. getting up for Fajr prayer instead of sleeping, resisting the urge to cheat in an exam, or controlling anger with siblings.
Mark points to credit: Suitable example; explanation of why it is a struggle for God's sake. Model answer: e.g. getting up for Fajr prayer instead of sleeping, resisting the urge to cheat in an exam, or controlling anger with siblings. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.
Q28Jihad · Standard · Paper 2 style · 14 marks
(a)Describe the conditions and rules that Islam places on armed jihad.[10]
(b)Why do you think Islam set such strict rules for warfare?[4]
Show answer
(a) It must be for a just cause, such as defending Muslims, their land or freedom of worship, or stopping oppression; the Qur'an gives permission to fight to those who are wronged (Sura 22.39); it must be declared by a rightful authority, not by individuals; Muslims must not begin hostilities or go beyond limits (Sura 2.190); fighting must stop when the enemy seeks peace; non-combatants such as women, children, the elderly and religious figures must not be harmed; crops, trees and animals must not be destroyed needlessly, as Abu Bakr instructed his army; prisoners must be treated humanely; no one may be forced to accept Islam (Sura 2.256).
Indicative content: Just/defensive cause; 22.39 permission to the wronged; legitimate authority; do not transgress (2.190); accept peace when offered; protect non-combatants; protect crops/trees/animals (Abu Bakr's instructions); humane treatment of prisoners; no compulsion in religion. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.
(b) To limit harm and protect innocent lives, to keep warfare just and as a last resort, and to show that Islam values life and peace.
Credit a reasoned answer such as: To limit harm and protect innocent lives, to keep warfare just and as a last resort, and to show that Islam values life and peace. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.
Q29Jihad · Standard · Paper 2 style · 14 marks
(a)Describe peaceful ways in which Muslims can carry out jihad for the benefit of the community.[10]
(b)A student group in Multan wants to carry out jihad in its local area. Suggest a project and explain why it counts as jihad.[4]
Show answer
(a) Speaking and writing against injustice and corruption; teaching and spreading useful knowledge; spending wealth on schools, hospitals and relief; volunteering, e.g. helping flood victims or the elderly; working against social evils such as drug abuse or dowry pressures; protecting the environment; standing up for the rights of the weak and oppressed through lawful means.
Indicative content: Peaceful, community-focused forms, e.g.: speaking against injustice; teaching and spreading knowledge; giving wealth to charity and community projects; serving the poor, sick and elderly; working for peace and reconciliation; campaigning for clean environments and public health. Personal-only examples are not credited; Level 4 needs several developed community examples. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.
(b) e.g. a literacy class for children who cannot attend school, or a clean-water awareness campaign; it is striving in God's way because it requires effort and sacrifice of time, serves God's creation, and removes harm and ignorance from society.
Mark points to credit: Suitable project; explanation linking it to striving for God's sake and benefit to the community. Model answer: e.g. a literacy class for children who cannot attend school, or a clean-water awareness campaign; it is striving in God's way because it requires effort and sacrifice of time, serves God's creation, and removes harm and ignorance from society. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.
Q30Jihad · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Explain why the translation of jihad as 'holy war' is misleading.[4]
(b)'Today the most important jihad for Muslims is the struggle against their own weaknesses.' Discuss.[4]
Show answer
(a) Jihad means struggle or effort, not war; its main forms are peaceful, especially the struggle against one's own self; armed fighting is only one limited form, allowed for defence and against oppression under strict rules; the Qur'an forbids aggression and compulsion in religion; the phrase 'holy war' suggests fighting to force religion on others, which Islam rejects.
1 mark per developed point up to 4.
(b) Agree: Muslim scholars have long called the struggle against the self the greater jihad, and improving one's character is the basis of every other good action; personal faults such as dishonesty and anger harm society. But community jihad, such as speaking for justice and helping the poor, is also vital, and the two are linked: a person who has disciplined themselves serves the community better. A balanced judgement with reasons is required.
Level marking. 1: simple statement. 2: one side explained. 3: both sides explained with examples. 4: reasoned judgement showing link between personal and community jihad.
Similar questions
Questions that test the same subtopic in different years, grouped so you can work on one skill at a time.
References only: find each question in its paper (official link where available, otherwise through your school).
