Listening: talk Banker

You will hear a guide giving a talk to visitors at a butterfly garden. Complete the notes. Write no more than three words or a number in each gap.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)Good morning, everyone, and welcome to the Butterfly House. My name is Rubina and I'll be your guide today. Before we go inside, a few things you need to know. The house is kept at about thirty degrees, so you may want to take off your jackets now. Inside there are around four hundred butterflies from more than forty species. Many of them come from South America and South-East Asia, but we also have some local species such as the lime butterfly, which you may have seen in your own gardens.Please walk slowly and stay on the path, because butterflies often rest on the ground. If one lands on you, don't try to catch it — just stand still and it will fly away on its own. Butterflies taste with their feet, so they may be attracted to bright clothing or sweet perfume.You'll notice small plates of cut fruit around the house. Adult butterflies can't chew; they drink through a long tube called a proboscis. Their favourite food here is overripe banana, although they also visit the flowers for nectar.At the end of the path there is a glass cabinet called the emerging room. That's where you can watch butterflies coming out of their chrysalises, usually in the late morning. Before you leave, we ask everyone to check their clothes in the mirror by the exit, so that nobody accidentally carries a butterfly outside. Photography is allowed, but please switch off your flash. Right, let's go in.

1. (a) Before going inside: take off your ______ [1]
2. (b) Example of a local species: the ______ butterfly [1]
3. (c) If a butterfly lands on you: stand ______ [1]
4. (d) Butterflies taste using their ______ [1]
5. (e) Butterflies drink through a tube called a ______ [1]
6. (f) Most popular food: overripe ______ [1]
7. (g) Before leaving: check clothes in the ______ [1]
8. (h) Photographs: no ______ [1]

You will hear a teacher talking to students about a trip to a nature reserve. Complete the notes. Write no more than three words or a number in each gap.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)Right, everyone, listen carefully, because this is the information for next Thursday's trip to the wetland reserve. The coach will leave from the school car park — not the front gate, as I said earlier — at half past seven sharp. If you're late, we can't wait for you.The journey takes about two hours. When we arrive, a ranger called Mr Javed will give us a short talk about the birds that spend the winter at the lake. Many of them fly here from Siberia, which is an amazing distance. After that, we'll split into groups of six and walk round the lake on the boardwalk.In terms of what to bring: you'll need a packed lunch and at least one litre of water. Wear trainers or boots, not sandals, because the path can be muddy. It can also be cold by the water in the early morning, so bring a warm hat. Binoculars will be provided by the reserve, so you don't need your own, but you do need a pencil and your worksheet, because you'll be recording the birds you see.One important rule: there must be no shouting near the hides, the wooden huts where we watch the birds. Loud noises frighten them away. We'll be back at school at about four o'clock, so please ask your parents to collect you then. Any questions? No? Good.

1. (a) Meeting point: school ______ [1]
2. (b) Name of the ranger: Mr ______ [1]
3. (c) Many birds fly from: ______ [1]
4. (d) Walk around lake on the ______ [1]
5. (e) Footwear: trainers or ______ [1]
6. (f) Clothing for cold mornings: a warm ______ [1]
7. (g) Provided by the reserve: ______ [1]
8. (h) Rule near the hides: no ______ [1]

You will hear a librarian giving a talk to new students about the school library. Complete the notes. Write no more than three words or a number in each gap.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)Hello, everyone. I'm Mrs Kausar, the school librarian, and I'd like to tell you how the library works. We're open from eight in the morning until five in the afternoon, Monday to Friday, and on Saturdays until one o'clock.You can borrow up to four books at a time, for two weeks. If you need longer, you can renew them online through the school website, as long as nobody else has reserved them. Dictionaries and encyclopaedias are for reference only, which means they must stay in the library.The ground floor is for group work, so you're allowed to talk quietly there. Upstairs is the silent study area, and that's where you'll find the computers. You'll need your student card to log on, so please don't lose it — a replacement costs two hundred rupees.Every month we choose a 'Book of the Month', and anyone who reads it and writes a short review can enter a prize draw. This month's book is a mystery story set in Gilgit.Finally, please remember that food and drink are not allowed anywhere in the library, except bottled water. Thank you, and I hope to see you here often.

1. (a) Renew books: ______ [1]
2. (b) Renewal not possible if someone has ______ the book [1]
3. (c) Reference books: must stay in the ______ [1]
4. (d) Ground floor is used for ______ work [1]
5. (e) Location of computers: ______ [1]
6. (f) Needed to log on: student ______ [1]
7. (g) To enter prize draw: read the book and write a ______ [1]
8. (h) Only drink allowed: bottled ______ [1]

You will hear a talk by a young woman about her job as a forest ranger. Complete the notes. Write no more than three words or a number in each gap.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)Hi, my name is Shazia and I work as a forest ranger in Ayubia National Park in the hills north of Islamabad. People often ask me what a ranger actually does. Well, no two days are the same. In the morning I usually patrol the walking trails to check that paths are safe and that nobody is cutting down trees illegally.One of my favourite jobs is counting animals. We use footprints, droppings and cameras to find out which animals live here. Ayubia is home to common leopards, although they are very shy, and to many kinds of birds. Last spring we recorded over one hundred and twenty bird species.The biggest danger to the forest is fire, especially in May and June, when the pine needles are dry. Most fires are started by visitors who leave barbecues or cigarettes burning. That's why we put up signs and talk to tourists about safety.To become a ranger, I studied forestry at university in Peshawar. But the most important qualities are patience and good fitness, because we sometimes walk twenty kilometres in a day. My advice to anyone interested is to start volunteering at a park, so that you can see the job for yourself.

1. (a) In the morning: patrols the walking ______ [1]
2. (b) To count animals, rangers use footprints, droppings and ______ [1]
3. (c) Large animal that lives in the park: common ______ [1]
4. (d) Biggest danger: ______ [1]
5. (e) Most fires started by: ______ [1]
6. (f) Shazia studied ______ at university [1]
7. (g) Important qualities: patience and ______ [1]
8. (h) Advice: start ______ at a park [1]

You will hear a talk at a cookery school about making a traditional dish. Complete the notes. Write no more than three words or a number in each gap.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)Welcome to today's class. We're going to make chapli kebabs, which come from Peshawar. The name comes from the word 'chappal', meaning sandal, because the kebabs are flat and round like the sole of a shoe.The main ingredient is minced beef, but you can use mutton instead. The secret to a really good chapli kebab is the dried pomegranate seeds, called anardana, which give it a slightly sour taste. We'll also add crushed coriander seeds, chopped tomatoes and green chillies.An important tip: the tomato should be pressed into the top of each kebab, not mixed in, otherwise the mixture becomes too wet and falls apart. Traditionally, cooks also add a little maize flour to hold everything together.In Peshawar, chapli kebabs are fried in animal fat, but today we're using vegetable oil, which is healthier. You need the oil to be very hot before you put the kebabs in. Each one takes about four minutes on each side.Serve them hot with naan and a simple yoghurt sauce. Right, wash your hands and let's start.

1. (a) Name comes from a word meaning ______ [1]
2. (b) Main meat: minced ______ [1]
3. (c) Gives a sour taste: dried ______ seeds [1]
4. (d) Tomato: pressed into the ______ of each kebab [1]
5. (e) Used to hold mixture together: ______ [1]
6. (f) Today's cooking fat: ______ [1]
7. (g) Serve with naan and ______ sauce [1]

You will hear a talk by a scientist about the importance of mangrove forests. Complete the notes. Write no more than three words or a number in each gap.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)Good afternoon. I'd like to talk about one of the most valuable but least appreciated habitats on Earth: mangrove forests. Mangroves are trees that grow in salty water along tropical coasts. Pakistan has large mangrove forests in the Indus delta, south of Karachi.Mangroves are remarkable because most plants die in salt water. Mangroves survive partly by getting rid of salt through their leaves, and their roots are specially adapted. Some species have roots that stick up out of the mud like pencils. These roots, called pneumatophores, allow the tree to take in air, because the mud itself contains very little oxygen.Why do mangroves matter? Firstly, they protect the coast. Their tangled roots slow down waves and storm surges, so villages behind them suffer less damage during cyclones. Secondly, they are nurseries for fish and shrimp. Young fish hide among the roots until they are big enough to survive in the open sea, so local fishing families depend on healthy mangroves.Thirdly, and this is something many people don't realise, mangroves store a huge amount of carbon, much of it in the mud beneath them rather than in the trees themselves.In the past, mangroves were cut down for firewood and to make space for shrimp farms. But the good news is that replanting projects in Sindh have been very successful, and the area of mangrove forest there has grown in recent years.

1. (a) Location in Pakistan: the Indus ______ [1]
2. (b) Mangroves get rid of salt through their ______ [1]
3. (c) Pneumatophores allow the tree to take in ______ [1]
4. (d) Roots protect villages by slowing down waves and ______ [1]
5. (e) Young fish shelter among the ______ [1]
6. (f) Much carbon is stored in the ______ [1]
7. (g) Past threats: firewood and ______ [1]
8. (h) Recent good news: successful ______ projects [1]

You will hear a talk by a doctor about protecting your hearing. Complete the notes. Write no more than three words or a number in each gap.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)Hello. Today I want to talk about something most young people never think about until it's too late: your hearing. Inside your inner ear are thousands of tiny hair cells that turn sound vibrations into signals for the brain. Once these cells are damaged, they don't grow back, so hearing loss caused by noise is permanent.Sound is measured in decibels. Normal conversation is about sixty decibels. Heavy city traffic is around eighty-five, and that's roughly the level at which damage can begin if you're exposed for long periods. A loud concert can reach over a hundred.The biggest risk for teenagers is personal music players. Many people turn the volume up to block out traffic noise on buses or trains. A useful rule is the sixty–sixty rule: listen at no more than sixty per cent of maximum volume, for no more than sixty minutes at a time.Warning signs include ringing in the ears, which doctors call tinnitus, or finding it hard to follow conversations in noisy places. If you notice these, see a doctor.My advice is simple: choose noise-cancelling headphones, which reduce background noise so you don't need to turn the music up, and carry foam earplugs if you go to concerts or weddings with loud music. They're cheap and they really work.

1. (a) Hair cells turn vibrations into ______ for the brain [1]
2. (b) Damaged hair cells do not ______ [1]
3. (c) Damage can begin at about the level of heavy ______ [1]
4. (d) Biggest risk for teenagers: personal ______ [1]
5. (e) Sixty–sixty rule: no more than sixty ______ of maximum volume [1]
6. (f) Medical name for ringing in the ears: ______ [1]
7. (g) Recommended headphones: ______ [1]
8. (h) For concerts and weddings: foam ______ [1]

You will hear a talk by a historian about the Grand Trunk Road. Complete the notes. Write no more than three words or a number in each gap.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)The road I want to talk about today is one of the oldest and longest in Asia: the Grand Trunk Road. Today it runs for around two and a half thousand kilometres, from Chittagong in Bangladesh, across northern India, through Lahore and on to Kabul in Afghanistan.Routes along this line existed for many centuries, but in the sixteenth century the ruler Sher Shah Suri rebuilt and extended the road. He was concerned with communication across his empire, so he built rest houses for travellers, called sarais, at regular intervals, and dug wells so that people and animals could find water. He also planted trees along the roadside to give shade.The road was used by armies, merchants and pilgrims, and it helped to spread not only goods but also languages, foods and ideas. Later, in the nineteenth century, the British upgraded it, mainly so that they could move troops quickly.Today you can still see some of the old milestones, called kos minars, in places near Lahore. These tall brick towers marked distances along the route. Much of the modern road has become a busy motorway or highway, and many of the old sarais are in ruins, but historians are working to protect those that remain.

1. (a) Eastern end of the road: ______ [1]
2. (b) Rebuilt in the 16th century by: ______ [1]
3. (c) Rest houses for travellers were called: ______ [1]
4. (d) Trees were planted to provide ______ [1]
5. (e) Travellers included armies, merchants and ______ [1]
6. (f) British reason for upgrading: to move ______ quickly [1]
7. (g) Old milestones: called ______ [1]
8. (h) Milestones were made of ______ [1]

You will hear a talk by an engineer about how solar panels work. Complete the notes. Write no more than three words or a number in each gap.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)Good evening. Many families in Pakistan are now installing solar panels to cope with rising electricity bills and power cuts, so tonight I'd like to explain how they work and what to think about before buying.A solar panel is made of many small cells, usually made from silicon. When sunlight hits a cell, it knocks tiny particles called electrons loose, and this flow of electrons is an electric current. The electricity produced is direct current, but our homes use alternating current, so every system needs a device called an inverter to convert it.The direction a panel faces matters a lot. In Pakistan, panels should face south and be tilted at roughly the same angle as the local latitude. Shade is a big enemy: even a shadow from a water tank on part of one panel can reduce the output of the whole row.Dust is another problem, especially in cities like Lahore and Multan. Dirty panels can lose a significant amount of their power, so it's worth cleaning them with plain water every couple of weeks — never with detergent, which can damage the surface.Finally, if you want electricity at night, you need batteries, which are the most expensive part of many systems. An alternative is net metering, where you sell your extra daytime electricity back to the grid.

1. (a) Solar cells are usually made from: ______ [1]
2. (b) Sunlight knocks loose particles called ______ [1]
3. (c) Device that converts the current: ______ [1]
4. (d) Panels in Pakistan should face ______ [1]
5. (e) Example of something causing shade: a water ______ [1]
6. (f) Clean panels with plain water; never use ______ [1]
7. (g) Most expensive part of many systems: ______ [1]
8. (h) Alternative to batteries: net ______ [1]

You will hear a talk by a tour guide in Istanbul. Complete the notes. Write no more than three words or a number in each gap.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)Welcome to Istanbul, one of the very few great cities in the world that sit on two continents, Europe and Asia. The water that divides them is called the Bosphorus, a narrow strait that connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara.This afternoon we'll visit the Grand Bazaar, one of the oldest covered markets in the world. It has more than sixty streets and thousands of shops. Bargaining is expected here, so don't accept the first price. A tip: if you get lost, follow the signs to Gate One, where we'll meet at four o'clock.Tomorrow morning we'll take a ferry across the Bosphorus to the Asian side. Ferries are the cheapest way to see the city from the water, and locals use them every day to get to work. You'll need a travel card called an Istanbulkart, which you can buy from machines at the ferry terminal. One card can be used by the whole group.While you're here, you must try simit, a ring of bread covered in sesame seeds, sold from red carts on almost every street. It makes a perfect breakfast with a glass of Turkish tea.Finally, when visiting mosques, women will need to cover their hair, so please bring a scarf with you tomorrow. Shoes are removed at the entrance and placed in plastic bags.

1. (a) Water dividing the two continents: the ______ [1]
2. (b) Grand Bazaar: one of the oldest ______ markets [1]
3. (c) At the bazaar, don't accept the first ______ [1]
4. (d) Locals use ferries to travel to ______ [1]
5. (e) Cheapest way to see city from water: ______ [1]
6. (f) Travel card bought from machines at the ______ [1]
7. (g) Simit is covered in ______ seeds [1]
8. (h) Bring for mosque visit (women): a ______ [1]

You will hear a talk by a museum curator about the history of the bicycle. Complete the notes. Write no more than three words or a number in each gap.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)Welcome to our new exhibition on the history of the bicycle. The first machine on display, from 1817, was invented in Germany by Karl Drais. It had no pedals at all. Riders pushed themselves along with their feet, rather like a child's balance bike today. It was sometimes called the 'running machine'.Pedals arrived in the 1860s, attached directly to the front wheel. To go faster, makers built bigger and bigger front wheels, leading to the penny-farthing, which you can see over here. Its front wheel could be more than a metre and a half tall. They were fast but very dangerous — riders often fell head-first over the handlebars.The big breakthrough came in the 1880s with the so-called 'safety bicycle'. It had two wheels of equal size and a chain that turned the back wheel, which is basically the design we still use today. Soon afterwards, air-filled rubber tyres made riding far more comfortable.The bicycle changed society. It gave ordinary people a cheap way to travel, and it was especially important for women, many of whom gained a new sense of freedom. In the next room you'll see a section on bicycles in South Asia, including a rickshaw from Dhaka decorated with hand-painted pictures.

1. (a) First machine had no ______ [1]
2. (b) Nickname of first machine: the 'running ______' [1]
3. (c) Penny-farthing riders often fell over the ______ [1]
4. (d) Safety bicycle: two wheels of ______ size [1]
5. (e) Chain turned the ______ wheel [1]
6. (f) Later improvement: air-filled rubber ______ [1]
7. (g) Group who gained new freedom: ______ [1]
8. (h) Rickshaw on display from: ______ [1]

You will hear a talk by a psychologist about how memory works and how students can revise more effectively. Complete the notes. Write no more than three words or a number in each gap.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)Most students revise in the same way: they read their notes again and again and highlight the important parts in bright colours. Unfortunately, research suggests that this is one of the least effective ways to learn. It makes material feel familiar, which tricks us into thinking we know it, but familiarity is not the same as being able to recall it in an exam.So what works better? The technique with the strongest evidence is called retrieval practice. Instead of re-reading, you close the book and try to bring the information back from memory — for example, by testing yourself with flashcards or writing down everything you can remember about a topic. Every time you successfully recall something, the memory becomes stronger.The second technique is spacing. Rather than revising a topic for three hours in one day, it's far better to study it for one hour on three separate days. The forgetting that happens between sessions actually helps, because the brain has to work harder to retrieve the information.A third approach is called interleaving: mixing different types of problems in one session, rather than practising the same type again and again. It feels harder and more frustrating, which is why students tend to avoid it, but it improves your ability to choose the right method in an exam.Finally, never underestimate sleep. During sleep, the brain transfers new memories into long-term storage. Staying up all night before an exam is about the worst thing you can do.

1. (a) Common but ineffective method: re-reading notes and ______ [1]
2. (b) Problem: familiarity is not the same as being able to ______ [1]
3. (c) Most strongly supported technique: ______ practice [1]
4. (d) Example of self-testing: using ______ [1]
5. (e) Spacing: forgetting between sessions makes the brain work ______ [1]
6. (f) Interleaving: mixing different types of ______ [1]
7. (g) Students avoid interleaving because it feels ______ [1]
8. (h) During sleep, memories go into ______ storage [1]

You will hear a talk by a marine biologist about plastic pollution in the oceans. Complete the notes. Write no more than three words or a number in each gap.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)When people think of plastic pollution, they usually picture bottles and bags floating on the surface of the sea. But what worries scientists most is the plastic you can't see. Over time, sunlight and waves break larger items into smaller and smaller fragments. Pieces less than five millimetres across are called microplastics, and they've now been found everywhere, from Arctic ice to the deepest ocean trenches.Microplastics don't only come from broken-down rubbish. A surprising amount comes from synthetic clothes: every time polyester or nylon clothing goes through a washing machine, it releases thousands of tiny fibres that pass through water treatment plants and into rivers. Car tyres are another major source, as they wear down on roads and the dust is washed into drains.Why does this matter? Small sea creatures such as plankton mistake microplastics for food. These are eaten by fish, which in turn are eaten by larger animals, including humans. Scientists are still investigating the effects on human health, so we should be careful not to exaggerate, but microplastics have been found in seafood and even in drinking water.Some solutions are simple. Filters fitted to washing machines can catch many of the fibres. Choosing natural fabrics like cotton helps, too. But the most effective step is to stop plastic entering the environment in the first place — that means reducing single-use packaging, not just recycling it.

1. (a) Larger plastics are broken down by sunlight and ______ [1]
2. (b) Microplastics: pieces less than five ______ across [1]
3. (c) Source in the home: washing ______ clothes [1]
4. (d) Source on roads: ______ [1]
5. (e) Small creatures that mistake plastic for food: ______ [1]
6. (f) Effects on human health: still being ______ [1]
7. (g) Device that can catch fibres: ______ on washing machines [1]
8. (h) Most effective step: reduce single-use ______ [1]

You will hear a talk by an architect about traditional ways of keeping buildings cool. Complete the notes. Write no more than three words or a number in each gap.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)Long before air conditioning was invented, people living in hot, dry regions found clever ways to keep their homes cool. Many of these ideas are being rediscovered by architects today, as electricity prices rise and summers get hotter.One of the most famous examples is the windcatcher, a tall tower on the roof with openings facing the wind. In parts of Sindh, houses traditionally had a similar structure called a 'mangh', which caught the cool evening breeze and directed it down into the rooms below. In Iran, windcatchers were sometimes combined with underground water channels, which cooled the air even further before it entered the house.Another technique is thermal mass. Thick walls made of stone or mud brick absorb heat slowly during the day, so the inside stays cool. At night, when the air outside is cooler, the walls release the heat they have stored.Courtyards also play an important role. A courtyard with trees and a small fountain creates a pocket of cooler air, because water absorbs heat as it evaporates. The rooms around the courtyard draw on this cool air.Finally, there's the jali, a carved stone or wooden screen with small holes. It lets air through while blocking direct sunlight, and also provides privacy. Modern buildings in Lahore and Karachi are starting to use concrete versions of the jali on their outside walls.

1. (a) Windcatcher openings face the ______ [1]
2. (b) Name of structure in Sindh: ______ [1]
3. (c) In Iran, combined with underground ______ [1]
4. (d) Thick walls are made of stone or ______ [1]
5. (e) At night, walls ______ stored heat [1]
6. (f) Water cools the air as it ______ [1]
7. (g) Jali blocks direct ______ [1]
8. (h) Jali also gives ______ [1]

You will hear a talk by a nutritionist about breakfast and concentration. Complete the notes. Write no more than three words or a number in each gap.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)We're often told that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. The truth is a little more complicated, and the research is not as clear-cut as advertisements suggest. What does seem clear is that what you eat matters more than simply whether you eat.Let's start with energy. Your brain runs mainly on glucose, a type of sugar. Foods such as sugary cereals or white bread release glucose very quickly. You feel alert for a short time, but within a couple of hours your blood sugar falls, and many people feel tired and find it hard to concentrate. This is sometimes called a 'sugar crash'.A better choice is food that releases energy slowly. Whole grains, such as oats or wholemeal bread, take longer to digest. Adding protein, like eggs, yoghurt or lentils, also slows digestion and keeps you feeling full until lunchtime. So a traditional breakfast of an egg and a wholemeal roti is actually an excellent choice.Some studies of schoolchildren have found that those who eat a balanced breakfast perform better in memory tasks during the morning. However, it's worth noting that children who eat breakfast may also differ in other ways — for example, they may sleep more regularly — so we can't be sure breakfast is the only cause.Finally, don't forget drinking water. Even mild dehydration can reduce concentration, and many students arrive at school without having drunk anything.

1. (a) What matters more: what you eat, not simply ______ you eat [1]
2. (b) Main fuel for the brain: ______ [1]
3. (c) Result of falling blood sugar: a 'sugar ______' [1]
4. (d) Example of a whole grain: ______ [1]
5. (e) Protein helps you feel ______ until lunchtime [1]
6. (f) Studies: better performance in ______ tasks [1]
7. (g) Other possible difference: more regular ______ [1]
8. (h) Mild dehydration reduces ______ [1]

You will hear a talk by an astronomer about the planet Mars. Complete the notes. Write no more than three words or a number in each gap.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)Mars has fascinated people for centuries, partly because of its colour. Its red appearance comes from iron oxide — basically rust — in the dust that covers its surface.Mars is smaller than Earth, roughly half its diameter, and its gravity is only about thirty-eight per cent of Earth's, so you could jump much higher there. A day on Mars is only slightly longer than ours, about twenty-four hours and forty minutes, but a year lasts almost twice as long, because Mars is further from the Sun.The atmosphere is very thin and made mostly of carbon dioxide. It cannot trap much heat, so temperatures can drop far below freezing at night, even near the equator. Mars also has the largest volcano in the solar system, Olympus Mons, which is about two and a half times the height of Mount Everest.Scientists are especially interested in whether there was ever life on Mars. Today, the surface is dry, but rovers have found evidence of ancient river valleys and lake beds, which shows that liquid water once flowed there. Water ice still exists at the poles and beneath the surface.Sending humans to Mars remains extremely difficult. The journey would take around seven months each way, and astronauts would be exposed to dangerous radiation, because Mars has no global magnetic field to protect its surface.

1. (a) Red colour comes from iron oxide in the ______ [1]
2. (b) Gravity: about thirty-eight ______ of Earth's [1]
3. (c) Main gas in atmosphere: ______ [1]
4. (d) Largest volcano in solar system: ______ [1]
5. (e) Evidence of water: ancient river valleys and ______ [1]
6. (f) Water ice found at the ______ and beneath the surface [1]
7. (g) Journey time each way: about seven ______ [1]
8. (h) Astronauts at risk from ______ [1]

You will hear a young man called Haris giving a talk about his hobby of kite making. For each question, choose the correct answer, A, B or C.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)Hello, everyone. I'm Haris, and I've been making kites for about six years. My interest started when I was ten, not because of a festival, as people often assume, but because my neighbour, an old man called Baba Rafiq, used to sit on his doorstep making kites to sell. I watched him for weeks before he let me help.A traditional kite is made from very thin tissue paper and two strips of bamboo. Some people use plastic sheets now because they're cheaper, but I still prefer paper because it's lighter and flies better in a gentle wind. The hardest part is balancing the kite. If one side is even slightly heavier, the kite spins round and crashes.I used to fly kites with glass-coated string, which many people use to cut other kites' strings in competitions. But I stopped after a cyclist in our area was badly injured by a loose string. Now I only use ordinary cotton thread, and I talk to younger children about why the glass string is dangerous.These days I mostly make decorative kites to hang on walls. I sell them at craft fairs, and last year an interior designer ordered fifty for a hotel in Islamabad. My dream is to open a small workshop where I can teach children the skill, so that it isn't forgotten.

1. (a) Haris became interested in kites because ofA a festival.B a neighbour.C a school project. [1]
2. (b) Haris prefers paper kites because they areA cheaper.B stronger.C lighter. [1]
3. (c) According to Haris, the most difficult part of kite making isA balancing the kite.B cutting the bamboo.C decorating the paper. [1]
4. (d) Haris stopped using glass-coated string afterA he cut his hand.B a cyclist was hurt.C it was banned in competitions. [1]
5. (e) Most of the kites Haris makes now areA for competitions.B for decoration.C for children. [1]
6. (f) An interior designer ordered kites forA a hotel.B a school.C an office. [1]
7. (g) Haris's ambition is toA sell kites abroad.B teach children.C write a book about kites. [1]

You will hear a talk by a woman who runs a small zoo for injured animals. For each question, choose the correct answer, A, B or C.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)My name is Dr Samina, and I'm a vet. Twelve years ago I opened a rescue centre for wild animals on the edge of Rawalpindi. It's not really a zoo, although visitors often call it that, because our main aim isn't to show animals to the public but to care for injured ones and return them to the wild.Most of the animals we receive are birds. Kites, owls and eagles are often hurt by electricity wires or by kite strings during the spring festivals. We also get monkeys, foxes and occasionally a porcupine that's been hit by a car.Our busiest season is early summer, when baby birds fall from their nests. People bring them in shoeboxes, which is kind, but often unnecessary. My advice is that if a baby bird has feathers, its parents are probably nearby, and it's best to leave it alone.About seventy per cent of the animals we treat are released. Some, like an owl that lost a wing, can't survive in the wild, so they stay with us permanently and help us teach school groups about wildlife.We don't receive any government money. We survive on donations, and on the small fee that visitors pay. The thing we need most at the moment is not money, though; it's volunteers who can help clean and feed the animals every morning.

1. (a) Dr Samina says her centre is not really a zoo becauseA it is too small.B it does not charge visitors.C its main purpose is to treat animals. [1]
2. (b) The animals the centre receives most often areA birds.B monkeys.C foxes. [1]
3. (c) The centre is busiest inA spring.B early summer.C winter. [1]
4. (d) If a baby bird has feathers, Dr Samina advises people toA bring it in a box.B feed it.C leave it where it is. [1]
5. (e) Animals that cannot be releasedA are sent to other zoos.B help educate children.C are kept away from visitors. [1]
6. (f) The centre gets its money fromA the government.B donations and fees.C selling animals. [1]
7. (g) What the centre needs most at the moment isA volunteers.B money.C medicine. [1]

You will hear a talk by a student about a school exchange to Malaysia. For each question, choose the correct answer, A, B or C.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)Last year I spent three weeks in Kuala Lumpur on a school exchange. I'd never been abroad before, so I was nervous, especially about the food. In fact, the food turned out to be one of the best parts! My host family loved spicy dishes, so I felt quite at home.The biggest difference was the weather. I expected heat, because Lahore is hot too, but I wasn't ready for the humidity. Every afternoon there was a short, heavy rainstorm, and then the sun came out again as if nothing had happened.At school, lessons were taught in English and Malay. I was surprised that students stayed after classes for clubs almost every day. I joined the badminton club, which is hugely popular in Malaysia, and lost every single match!My host brother, Amir, took me to see the Petronas Towers, which were once the tallest buildings in the world. We walked across the bridge that connects the two towers, about forty floors up. I'm afraid of heights, so I didn't enjoy it as much as he did.The most valuable thing I gained was confidence. Before the trip, I never spoke in class. Now I volunteer to answer questions all the time. Amir is coming to stay with us next spring, and I'm planning to take him to the Wagah border.

1. (a) Before the trip, the student was most worried aboutA the food.B the weather.C the language. [1]
2. (b) The weather in Kuala Lumpur surprised the student because it was veryA hot.B humid.C windy. [1]
3. (c) The student was surprised that Malaysian studentsA had lessons in two languages.B stayed after school for clubs.C played badminton. [1]
4. (d) At the badminton club, the studentA won some matches.B lost all his matches.C became the captain. [1]
5. (e) The student did not enjoy the bridge between the towers becauseA he is afraid of heights.B it was crowded.C it was raining. [1]
6. (f) The student says the trip made him moreA independent.B confident.C hard-working. [1]
7. (g) Next spring, Amir willA return to Pakistan with the student.B visit the student's family.C start university. [1]

You will hear a talk by a woman who started a mobile library in villages. For each question, choose the correct answer, A, B or C.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)Five years ago, I bought an old minibus, filled it with books and started driving to villages in southern Punjab. I'd been a primary school teacher, and I noticed that many children had no books at home except their textbooks.At first, the bus carried about five hundred books. Now we have over three thousand, almost all donated by people who heard about us on social media. The most popular books are picture stories for young children, but I was surprised how many mothers borrow cookery books and books about health.We visit each village once every two weeks. Children can borrow two books at a time. People said books would be lost or damaged, but in fact very few go missing. Children look after them carefully because they know other children are waiting.The biggest challenge isn't the books, it's the roads. In the monsoon, some villages can't be reached at all, and the bus has broken down more times than I can count. A local mechanic now repairs it for free.What makes it worthwhile? Last month a girl who had borrowed books from the bus since she was six won a district story-writing competition. She told the newspaper that the bus had made her want to become a writer.

1. (a) The woman started the library after noticing that childrenA could not read.B had few books at home.C did not go to school. [1]
2. (b) Most of the books wereA bought by the woman.B given by members of the public.C provided by schools. [1]
3. (c) The woman was surprised that mothers borrowed books aboutA cooking and health.B history.C children's stories. [1]
4. (d) The bus visits each villageA every week.B every two weeks.C every month. [1]
5. (e) Children look after the books because theyA must pay for lost books.B know others want to read them.C are checked by teachers. [1]
6. (f) The biggest difficulty isA the cost of fuel.B the condition of the roads.C finding a mechanic. [1]
7. (g) Last month, a girl who used the libraryA won a competition.B became a teacher.C wrote a newspaper article. [1]

You will hear a talk by a man who climbs mountains, about his first climb in the Karakoram. For each question, choose the correct answer, A, B or C.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)My name is Faisal and I've been climbing for fifteen years. Today I want to tell you about my first big expedition, to a mountain in the Karakoram about six thousand metres high. I was twenty-two and, looking back, far too confident.We spent the first week walking to base camp. Most people think the climbing is the hardest part, but for me it was the altitude. Above four thousand metres I got terrible headaches and couldn't sleep. Our guide, a man from Hushe called Ibrahim, made us stop for two days so our bodies could adjust.The weather was the next problem. We had planned to reach the summit on the tenth day, but a storm kept us in our tents for three days. We ran short of food and had to share one packet of noodles between four people.In the end we didn't reach the top. About three hundred metres below the summit, Ibrahim decided the snow was too unstable and turned us back. I was furious at the time, but two days later we heard that the slope had collapsed in an avalanche.That climb taught me the most important rule in the mountains: the summit is optional, but coming home is not. I've reached many summits since, but I still think of that failed climb as my most important one.

1. (a) On his first expedition, Faisal wasA very experienced.B overconfident.C frightened. [1]
2. (b) Faisal found the most difficult part of the trip wasA the walk to base camp.B the altitude.C the climbing. [1]
3. (c) The group stopped for two days in order toA wait for better weather.B get used to the height.C find more food. [1]
4. (d) A storm kept the climbers in their tents forA two days.B three days.C ten days. [1]
5. (e) The group did not reach the summit becauseA they ran out of food.B the guide thought it was too dangerous.C Faisal was ill. [1]
6. (f) When the guide turned the group back, Faisal feltA relieved.B very angry.C exhausted. [1]
7. (g) Faisal now considers that climb his most important becauseA it taught him about safety.B it was his highest.C he met his guide. [1]

You will hear a talk by a scientist about honeyguide birds and the people who work with them. For each question, choose the correct answer, A, B or C.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)In parts of East Africa, there is a remarkable partnership between humans and a wild bird called the greater honeyguide. As the name suggests, the bird leads people to bees' nests hidden in trees.The honeyguide can find nests easily, but it can't break into them because of the bees' stings. Humans, on the other hand, can use fire and axes to open the nest. After the honey hunters take the honey, the bird eats the wax that is left behind. Interestingly, it's the wax the bird wants, not the honey.What fascinated our research team was how the two species communicate. The Yao people of Mozambique use a special call — a loud trill followed by a grunt — to tell honeyguides they're ready to follow. We played recordings of this call and of other sounds, and found the birds were far more likely to guide people who used the traditional call.In Tanzania, the Hadza people use a different, whistled call. So, just as human languages vary from place to place, the signals used with the birds seem to vary too. We suspect young birds learn the local call by experience.Sadly, this partnership is disappearing in some areas, as people buy sugar instead of collecting wild honey. Where people stop honey hunting, the birds stop guiding.

1. (a) The honeyguide needs humans because it cannotA find bees' nests.B get into bees' nests.C eat honey. [1]
2. (b) After the honey is collected, the bird mainly wants to eatA the honey.B the bees.C the wax. [1]
3. (c) The Yao people's call consists ofA a whistle.B a trill and a grunt.C a song. [1]
4. (d) The research team found that the birdsA responded to any loud sound.B preferred the traditional call.C ignored recorded calls. [1]
5. (e) The speaker compares the different calls toA bird songs.B human languages.C musical instruments. [1]
6. (f) The scientists believe young birds learn the call byA copying older birds.B experience.C instinct. [1]
7. (g) The partnership is disappearing because peopleA are buying sugar.B are cutting down trees.C are afraid of bees. [1]

You will hear a talk by a woman who designs apps for people with disabilities. For each question, choose the correct answer, A, B or C.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)When I started studying computer science, I never imagined I'd design apps for people with disabilities. It happened by accident. My younger brother, Hamza, is blind, and when he got his first smartphone, I saw how frustrating many apps were for him. Buttons had no labels, so his screen reader just said 'button, button, button'.My first project was a simple app that reads bus numbers aloud as buses approach a stop, using the phone's camera. Hamza tested it at every stage. He was a very honest critic — he once told me a version was 'completely useless', which hurt, but he was right.Many developers think accessible design is expensive and only helps a small number of people. Actually, it benefits everyone. Think of captions on videos: they were designed for deaf people, but millions of people use them to watch videos quietly on buses.The hardest part of my work isn't the technology; it's persuading companies to care. Often they only make changes after a complaint, or because the law requires it.My advice to young developers is this: don't design for people with disabilities, design with them. Invite them into the process from the beginning, not just at the end to test something that's already finished.

1. (a) The speaker became interested in accessible design because ofA a university course.B a family member.C a job she had. [1]
2. (b) Hamza's problem with many apps was thatA they were too expensive.B buttons were not labelled.C the text was too small. [1]
3. (c) The speaker's first app helped users toA identify buses.B read books.C find bus stops. [1]
4. (d) When Hamza criticised one version of the app, the speakerA disagreed with him.B felt hurt but accepted it.C stopped the project. [1]
5. (e) The speaker uses the example of video captions to show that accessible designA is expensive.B helps many people.C is a new idea. [1]
6. (f) According to the speaker, the most difficult part of her work isA the technology.B convincing companies.C understanding the law. [1]
7. (g) Her advice is to involve people with disabilitiesA at the testing stage.B from the start.C after a complaint. [1]

You will hear a talk by a journalist about how to spot false news online. For each question, choose the correct answer, A, B or C.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)Every day, millions of people share stories online without checking whether they're true. Some false stories are harmless, but others can cause real damage — for example, rumours about medicines during a health emergency.The first thing I tell students is to notice their own feelings. False stories are often designed to make you angry or frightened, because emotional people share things quickly without thinking. So if a headline makes you furious, that's exactly the moment to slow down.Secondly, look at the source. Is it a news organisation you recognise? Be careful: some fake websites copy the logo of real newspapers and change just one letter in the web address.Thirdly, check the date. A surprising number of 'news' stories are actually years old and are shared again as if they were happening today. Photos are a particular problem. A picture of flooding from one country may be shared as if it shows a different country. You can use a reverse image search to find where a photo first appeared.Finally, don't assume something is true just because lots of people have shared it, or because a friend sent it. Our friends are often the least careful sources of all, because we trust them. If you're not sure, the simplest rule is: don't share.

1. (a) The journalist gives the example of medicines to show that false news can beA funny.B harmful.C popular. [1]
2. (b) According to the journalist, false stories often aim to make peopleA laugh.B emotional.C confused. [1]
3. (c) Some fake websites copy real newspapers byA using the same writers.B changing one letter in the address.C publishing old stories. [1]
4. (d) The journalist warns that many stories shared online areA old.B very long.C from other countries. [1]
5. (e) A reverse image search can showA who took a photo.B where a photo first appeared.C whether a photo is edited. [1]
6. (f) The journalist says friends can be unreliable sources becauseA we trust them.B they share too much.C they use social media. [1]
7. (g) The journalist's final advice isA check with a friend.B do not share if unsure.C read the whole article. [1]

You will hear a talk by a man who restores old trucks with traditional decorations. For each question, choose the correct answer, A, B or C.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)My name is Haider and I paint trucks — not with ordinary paint, but in the style that has made Pakistani trucks famous around the world. I learned from my father, who worked in a truck-art workshop in Karachi for forty years.A fully decorated truck can take up to two months to finish. We cover it with flowers, peacocks, poetry and portraits, and fix shining metal pieces and chains to the bumpers. Truck owners often spend more on decoration than they spend on the engine. For many drivers, who spend weeks away from home, the truck is like a second house, so they want it to be beautiful.Each region has its own style. Trucks decorated in Karachi often have a lot of reflective tape and hanging chains, while Rawalpindi-style trucks are known for colourful plastic decorations, and trucks from Peshawar and Swat often use carved wooden panels.Fifteen years ago, I worried this art might die out, because young people weren't interested in learning. Ironically, it was foreigners who saved it. Designers from Europe began asking us to decorate everything from cups to cars, and suddenly truck art became fashionable in Pakistan too.Now I teach workshops at an art college. My students are mostly university graduates, which would have amazed my father.

1. (a) Haider learned truck painting fromA his father.B an art college.C a European designer. [1]
2. (b) According to Haider, drivers want beautiful trucks becauseA they want to win prizes.B the truck is like a home to them.C it helps them get more customers. [1]
3. (c) Trucks from Peshawar and Swat are known forA reflective tape.B plastic decorations.C carved wood. [1]
4. (d) Fifteen years ago, Haider was worried becauseA there was not enough work.B young people did not want to learn.C paint was too expensive. [1]
5. (e) Haider says the art became popular again in Pakistan afterA it appeared on television.B foreign designers became interested.C the government supported it. [1]
6. (f) Haider's father would have been surprised thatA Haider teaches at a college.B his students are graduates.C trucks are decorated abroad. [1]

You will hear a talk by a nurse about working in a hospital at night. For each question, choose the correct answer, A, B or C.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)I've worked night shifts in a children's hospital in Karachi for eight years. My shift starts at eight in the evening and finishes at eight the next morning. People imagine nights are quiet, but in a children's ward they rarely are. Children often feel more frightened in the dark, so a lot of my work is simply comforting them.The first thing I do each evening is the handover, when the day nurses tell us about every patient. It's the most important part of the shift, because if information is missed, mistakes can happen.The hardest time is between three and five in the morning. That's when I feel most tired, and it's also, strangely, when many children's conditions change. I drink a lot of water rather than tea, because too much caffeine makes it hard to sleep when I get home.Sleeping in the day was difficult at first. I now use thick curtains and switch my phone off, and my family knows not to disturb me before two o'clock.What I love about nights is the teamwork. With fewer staff, doctors and nurses rely on each other completely. And there is no better feeling than watching the sun rise after helping a sick child through a difficult night.

1. (a) The nurse says nights on a children's ward areA quiet.B rarely quiet.C very boring. [1]
2. (b) She says the handover is important becauseA it prevents mistakes.B it is the start of the shift.C the doctors are present. [1]
3. (c) She finds the period from three to five in the morning difficult becauseA the ward is busiest.B she feels very tired.C doctors are not available. [1]
4. (d) She avoids drinking a lot of tea becauseA it affects her sleep later.B it makes her feel sick.C it is not allowed on the ward. [1]
5. (e) To help her sleep in the day, sheA takes medicine.B uses thick curtains.C sleeps at a friend's house. [1]
6. (f) What the nurse likes most about night shifts isA the extra pay.B the teamwork.C the quiet. [1]

You will hear a talk by an economist about why people buy things they do not need. For each question, choose the correct answer, A, B or C.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)Economists used to assume that people make rational decisions: we compare prices, think about what we need, and choose the best option. But research in behavioural economics shows that our choices are influenced by all sorts of hidden factors.Take 'anchoring'. If a jacket is labelled 'was 10,000 rupees, now 6,000', we feel we're getting a bargain, even if we'd never have paid 10,000 in the first place. The first number acts as an anchor, and everything is judged against it.Another trick is the decoy. A café might sell a small coffee for 300 rupees, a large for 500, and a medium for 480. Hardly anyone buys the medium, but it isn't meant to be bought; its job is to make the large look like excellent value.Then there's what we call loss aversion. People feel the pain of losing something about twice as strongly as the pleasure of gaining the same thing. That's why 'free trials' are so effective. Once we have something, giving it up feels like a loss, so many people keep paying.I'm not saying all shopping is foolish. But understanding these techniques gives you power. Before buying, ask yourself: would I want this if there were no sale sign, no countdown clock, no 'only three left' message? If the answer is no, you probably don't need it.

1. (a) Traditional economists believed that peopleA are easily influenced.B make logical decisions.C spend too much money. [1]
2. (b) In the jacket example, the original priceA shows the real value.B affects how we judge the sale price.C is usually invented by the shop. [1]
3. (c) The purpose of the medium coffee is toA be the most popular choice.B make another option look attractive.C give customers more choice. [1]
4. (d) According to the speaker, people feel lossesA about as strongly as gains.B about twice as strongly as gains.C less strongly than gains. [1]
5. (e) Free trials work becauseA people forget to cancel.B giving something up feels like a loss.C the products are very good. [1]
6. (f) The speaker's attitude to shopping is thatA all shopping is irrational.B knowledge helps people resist tricks.C sales should be banned. [1]
7. (g) The speaker suggests that before buying something, people shouldA compare prices in other shops.B imagine it without any sales pressure.C wait for a sale. [1]

You will hear a talk by a researcher about the effects of birth order on personality. For each question, choose the correct answer, A, B or C.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)For more than a century, people have believed that your position in the family shapes your personality. Firstborn children are said to be responsible and ambitious, middle children are supposed to be peacemakers, and the youngest are often described as charming but spoiled.These ideas are so widespread that many parents treat them as facts. However, when researchers began studying very large groups — in one case, data from over twenty thousand people in three countries — they found that birth order had almost no effect on personality traits such as confidence or kindness.Why did earlier studies find differences? Partly because they compared siblings at the same moment. A twelve-year-old naturally seems more responsible than her eight-year-old brother, but that's because she's older, not because she was born first.There is one area where a small effect does seem to exist: firstborns score very slightly higher, on average, in intelligence tests. One explanation is that eldest children often explain things to younger siblings, which strengthens their own understanding. But the difference is tiny, and it tells you nothing about any particular child.So why do the myths survive? I think it's because they make good stories. We notice examples that fit our expectations and forget the ones that don't. My advice to parents is to see each child as an individual, not as a position in the family.

1. (a) The speaker says that many parentsA have studied birth order.B accept the popular ideas as true.C disagree with the popular ideas. [1]
2. (b) The large study found that birth orderA strongly affects confidence.B has little effect on personality.C makes youngest children kinder. [1]
3. (c) Earlier studies were misleading because theyA used too few countries.B did not consider the children's ages.C only studied firstborns. [1]
4. (d) The speaker says firstbornsA are much more intelligent.B score very slightly higher in intelligence tests.C are more responsible. [1]
5. (e) One explanation for this difference is that firstbornsA receive more attention.B teach younger siblings.C go to better schools. [1]
6. (f) According to the speaker, the myths continue because peopleA remember examples that support them.B read about them in books.C want to understand their children. [1]
7. (g) The speaker advises parents toA consider birth order carefully.B treat each child as an individual.C ignore research. [1]

You will hear a talk by an engineer about building earthquake-resistant houses. For each question, choose the correct answer, A, B or C.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)After the 2005 earthquake in northern Pakistan, which destroyed hundreds of thousands of homes, I joined a team helping villagers rebuild. One thing I learned quickly is that earthquakes themselves rarely kill people. It's collapsing buildings that do.Many houses in the mountains were built of heavy stone held together with mud. These walls are strong when pushed straight down, but when the ground shakes from side to side, they crack and fall apart. Flat concrete roofs made things worse, because their great weight crushed the people underneath.Interestingly, some old traditional houses survived better than modern ones. In parts of Kashmir, builders had used a method in which horizontal wooden beams were laid into the stone walls every metre or so. The wood holds the stones together and allows the building to bend slightly instead of breaking.Our team encouraged a mix of old and new ideas: walls with wooden or steel bands, lighter roofs made of metal sheets, and smaller windows placed away from corners, because corners are where cracks usually begin.The hardest part wasn't the engineering. Families wanted to rebuild quickly, before winter, and some saw safety features as unnecessary costs. We found that the most effective way to persuade them was not lectures but demonstrations, where we shook small model houses on a moving table so people could see the difference with their own eyes.

1. (a) The speaker learned that most deaths in earthquakes are caused byA the shaking ground.B buildings falling down.C landslides. [1]
2. (b) Stone walls held with mud are weak whenA they are pushed downwards.B the ground moves sideways.C it rains heavily. [1]
3. (c) Flat concrete roofs were dangerous because they wereA badly made.B very heavy.C too thin. [1]
4. (d) The wooden beams in traditional Kashmiri housesA made the walls lighter.B let the building bend without breaking.C were cheaper than stone. [1]
5. (e) Windows were placed away from corners becauseA cracks often start there.B it lets in more light.C it is traditional. [1]
6. (f) Some families resisted safety features because theyA did not trust engineers.B wanted to save money and time.C preferred concrete. [1]
7. (g) The most effective way to persuade villagers wasA giving lectures.B showing demonstrations with models.C offering money. [1]

You will hear a talk by a sociologist about the history of tea drinking in South Asia. For each question, choose the correct answer, A, B or C.Transcript (read it aloud, or read it silently)Today it's hard to imagine Pakistan without chai. It's served at every office, every wedding, every roadside stop. But tea drinking became widespread here surprisingly recently — mainly in the twentieth century.The British began growing tea in Assam in the nineteenth century, but almost all of it was sent to Britain. Local people, on the whole, didn't drink it. In fact, in the early twentieth century, the tea industry ran large advertising campaigns to persuade South Asians to start. Salesmen travelled to railway stations and factories, showing people how to make tea and handing out free cups.The campaigns recommended tea made the British way, with just a little milk and sugar. But people adapted it to their own tastes. They boiled the leaves together with lots of milk, sugar and sometimes spices such as cardamom and ginger. The result was the strong, sweet chai we know today. Ironically, some officials disapproved of this, because using less tea per cup meant fewer sales.In the north, a quite different tradition already existed. In Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, people drank green tea, often with salt, which had arrived along trade routes from Central Asia and China centuries before the British.So next time you drink a cup of chai, remember that it's a product of colonial business, clever marketing and local creativity all mixed together.

1. (a) According to the speaker, tea became widely drunk in the regionA many centuries ago.B in the twentieth century.C in the nineteenth century. [1]
2. (b) Most tea grown in Assam in the nineteenth centuryA was drunk locally.B was exported to Britain.C was given away free. [1]
3. (c) The advertising campaigns tried toA sell tea to Britain.B encourage local people to drink tea.C teach people to grow tea. [1]
4. (d) Local people changed the British recipe byA adding more milk, sugar and spices.B using green tea leaves.C drinking it without milk. [1]
5. (e) Some officials disliked the local style of tea becauseA it was unhealthy.B it reduced tea sales.C it was too sweet. [1]
6. (f) Salt tea in the northA was introduced by the British.B arrived from Central Asia and China.C was invented in the twentieth century. [1]
7. (g) The speaker describes chai as the result ofA one single tradition.B a combination of influences.C British cooking. [1]