The Rightly Guided Caliphs Banker

Indicative content: Abu Bakr's illness / 13 AH; consultation with senior Companions (named); concern about his strictness and Abu Bakr's reply; written nomination (by 'Uthman) read in public; people accepted and pledged allegiance; title Amir al-Mu'minin first used; known as al-Faruq; first address — firmness with oppressors, gentleness with the weak; invited correction / accountability; humble acceptance of the burden. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Judgement; reason supporting it — avoided disunity during wars, consultation happened; recognition of another view. Model answer: A reasoned judgement, e.g. yes: he consulted widely, the state was fighting on two fronts and a quick, clear choice prevented disputes; however, some may argue the community should have had a wider say, as at Saqifa. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Provinces with governors (walis); independent judges; bayt al-mal; diwan / register of stipends; Hijri calendar; garrison cities (Basra, Kufa, Fustat); regular army and police; census / land surveys; land of Iraq and Syria kept as state land; canals, wells and roads; consultative council (shura); allowances for the poor, widows and the elderly, including non-Muslims. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Judgement, a developed reason. Model answer: A reasoned choice, e.g. separating judges from governors, because it gave fair justice that people of all backgrounds could trust. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Sa'd bin Abi Waqqas as commander; Battle of Qadisiyya / about 636; Rustam killed; capture of al-Mada'in (Ctesiphon); huge treasures sent to Madina; Battle of Jalula; Battle of Nihawand / about 642; commander Nu'man bin Muqarrin martyred; 'victory of victories'; Persian king Yazdagird fled; garrison towns Basra and Kufa founded in Iraq. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Faith, unity and discipline of the Muslim armies; able commanders and 'Umar's strategic control; Persian weakness after long wars with Byzantium / fair treatment of local people. Model answer: Strong faith and discipline, good leadership by commanders such as Sa'd, 'Umar's careful planning from Madina, and the weakness of a Persian empire exhausted by wars and internal problems; local people were often treated fairly, so they did not resist. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Commanders Abu 'Ubayda and Khalid bin al-Walid; Battle of Yarmuk / 636; Byzantine defeat ended their rule in Syria; Damascus taken; siege of Jerusalem; patriarch (Sophronius) asked for the caliph; 'Umar's humble journey with his servant; treaty of protection for lives, churches and property; freedom of worship; he prayed outside the church; plague of 'Amwas later struck Syria (Abu 'Ubayda died). Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Humility / respect point, development or modern application. Model answer: Leaders should be humble in victory and protect the rights and places of worship of people of other faiths. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Night patrols; story of the mother and hungry children / carrying flour himself; Year of Ramada famine (18 AH) relief; ate only simple food until the famine ended; suspended theft punishment during famine; stipends for poor, widows, orphans, children; help for poor non-Muslims; simple lifestyle; easily approached by ordinary people; held governors to account for treating people well. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Relevant action, development with a modern example (e.g. officials visiting flood areas and ensuring aid reaches families). Model answer: By knowing their people's problems first-hand and making welfare a priority, living modestly rather than in luxury. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Separate, well-paid judges (Shurayh named); assets of governors recorded and checked; open hearing of complaints at Hajj; inspections and inquiries; dismissal of officials (examples); Khalid's removal and the reason; same law for his family and ordinary people; instructions to governors to live simply and be accessible. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Leadership as amanah / everyone is a shepherd; prevents corruption and abuse; modern example, e.g. audit of public funds or courts able to hear cases against officials. Model answer: Power is a trust from God and leaders will be questioned about it; accountability prevents corruption and protects the weak, building trust between rulers and people. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: 23 AH / 644; stabbed during Fajr in the mosque; attacker Abu Lu'lu'a (Fayruz), Persian slave of al-Mughira; 'Abdur Rahman bin 'Awf led the rest of the prayer; 'Umar's concern for repaying his debts; permission from 'A'isha for burial beside the Prophet (pbuh); council of six named (at least four correctly); decision within three days; son 'Abdullah excluded from election; died three days later. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Reasons — several worthy candidates; shura / consultation, avoiding favouritism (he excluded his son); judgement on its strengths or weaknesses. Model answer: He saw several equally qualified Companions and did not want to bear sole responsibility; a council combined consultation with a quick decision and reduced the risk of division; however, it depended on the six agreeing. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Treaties protecting life, property, churches and synagogues; freedom of worship; jizya in return for protection and exemption from military service; exemption of the poor, elderly, women, children and monks; allowances for poor non-Muslims from the bayt al-mal; justice in courts / complaints against governors heard; communities kept their own leaders and laws. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Judgement; principles still relevant — justice, protection, welfare; recognising a difference in modern systems, e.g. equal citizenship in Pakistan's constitution. Model answer: Largely agree: protection of worship, justice and welfare for minorities remain important values; but modern states use equal citizenship rather than jizya, so the principles, not every detail, apply. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Hijri calendar; congregational tarawih prayer in Ramadan; extension of the Prophet's mosque; extension of the Sacred Mosque; new mosques in garrison towns and provinces; teachers sent to teach Qur'an and Sunna; schools / allowances for teachers; earlier advice to Abu Bakr to compile the Qur'an; personal piety and example; protection of pilgrimage routes. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Judgement; reasoned support; link to present-day practice. Model answer: A reasoned choice, e.g. the Hijri calendar, because Muslims still use it for fasting, Hajj and festivals; or his administrative system, which shaped later Muslim states. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: 'Uthman's martyrdom / 35 AH; crisis and fear in Madina; Companions and people asked 'Ali to lead; his reluctance; condition of a public pledge in the mosque; general pledge by the people of Madina (Muhajirun and Ansar); some held back; Mu'awiya in Syria refused until the killers were punished; demand for justice for 'Uthman became a major issue. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Awareness of the heavy responsibility before God; difficult circumstances — rebels, division, demands for revenge; humility / not seeking power. Model answer: Because the community was divided and in crisis after 'Uthman's killing, so leadership would be a heavy trust with great dangers; he did not seek power for itself. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: 36 AH / 656; demand for punishment of 'Uthman's killers; Talha, al-Zubayr and 'A'isha went to Basra; 'Ali marched to Iraq; attempts at peace / talks; fighting near Basra; 'A'isha's camel at the centre; deaths of Talha and al-Zubayr; 'Ali's victory; respectful treatment of 'A'isha, escorted to Madina; no pursuit or looting; 'Ali grieved for those killed on both sides. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Lesson, development or example. Model answer: To show mercy and respect to opponents after a conflict, aiming for reconciliation rather than revenge. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Replacing governors; capital moved to Kufa; equal distribution of stipends; strict control of public funds; personal simplicity; written guidance to governors on justice; protecting the poor and non-Muslims; dealing with revolts (named). Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Central position for the eastern empire; support of the people of Kufa; military need — closer to Syria and Basra. Model answer: Kufa was nearer to the trouble in Iraq and Syria, many of his supporters lived there, and it allowed him to control the eastern provinces and respond to Mu'awiya. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: 37 AH / 657; location on the Euphrates; cause — Mu'awiya's refusal / demand about 'Uthman's killers; heavy fighting and losses; death of 'Ammar bin Yasir; Qur'an copies raised on spears; pressure on 'Ali to accept; Abu Musa al-Ash'ari and 'Amr bin al-'As as arbitrators; arbitration did not resolve the conflict; the Kharijites broke away, saying judgement belongs only to God. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Credit a reasoned answer such as: To stop the bloodshed between Muslims and because many of his own soldiers demanded it. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Meaning 'those who went out'; broke away after Siffin; slogan that judgement is only for God; regarded those who disagreed as sinners / unbelievers; camp at Harura; 'Ali's attempts at dialogue; 'Abdullah bin 'Abbas sent to debate, many returned; they killed innocent people; Battle of Nahrawan / 38 AH; Kharijites defeated; a Kharijite later killed 'Ali. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Dialogue and education first; force only to protect lives / last resort; application today, e.g. scholars countering extremist ideas online. Model answer: He first used dialogue and argument with knowledge, and used force only when they turned to violence against innocent people; extremism should be challenged by sound knowledge and justice. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Kharijite plot against three leaders; Ramadan 40 AH / 661; Kufa mosque at dawn prayer; attacker 'Abdur Rahman ibn Muljam; poisoned sword struck his head; attacker captured; instruction to treat him fairly and punish only with one blow if he died; no revenge on others; advice to Hasan and Husayn about piety and justice; died about two days later (21 Ramadan). Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Justice according to the law; mercy / no mutilation or revenge; lesson for Muslims, e.g. not taking the law into one's own hands. Model answer: Justice and self-control even towards his killer: he limited punishment to what the law allowed and forbade cruelty and revenge on others. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Rebels and disorder in Madina after 'Uthman's death; the demand for immediate revenge for 'Uthman; opposition at the Battle of the Camel; Mu'awiya's refusal to accept him and the Battle of Siffin and arbitration; the Kharijites and the Battle of Nahrawan; a divided, tired army; moving the capital to Kufa. Level 4 needs several problems, each developed with detail; a list stays in Level 2. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Judgement; evidence of inherited problems; evidence that some decisions affected events, with balanced conclusion. Model answer: Largely agree: he inherited a divided community and the problem of 'Uthman's killers; his decisions, such as replacing governors and accepting arbitration, were principled but added to the opposition. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Qualities, each supported by an example: bravery (Khaybar, duel at Khandaq); knowledge — consulted by Abu Bakr and 'Umar; justice (the armour case before a judge); simplicity of life; mercy to opponents; eloquence; piety; refusal to favour relatives from the treasury. Each quality needs an example from his life or caliphate for Level 3 and above. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Judgement, a developed reason. Model answer: A reasoned choice, e.g. justice, because people lose trust when leaders put themselves above the law. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Abu Bakr — meeting of the Ansar at Saqifa Bani Sa'ida; 'Umar's pledge, then the general pledge in the mosque. 'Umar — nominated by Abu Bakr after consultation; accepted by the people. 'Uthman — council of six appointed by 'Umar; 'Abdur Rahman bin 'Awf's consultation and decision. 'Ali — chosen by the people of Madina during the crisis after 'Uthman's death; public pledge in the mosque. All four caliphs should be covered for Level 4; an answer on two caliphs or fewer cannot go above Level 2. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Point about flexibility, consultation / acceptance by the community. Model answer: There was no single fixed method, but each involved consultation (shura) and the pledge of the people. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Accurate examples of simplicity, e.g.: Abu Bakr took a small allowance and returned it / ordered its repayment; 'Umar wore patched clothes, slept under a tree, carried food to the poor at night; 'Uthman, though wealthy, lived simply and gave his wealth; 'Ali ate plain food, lived humbly, bought plain clothes. At least two caliphs are needed for Level 3 and above; an answer on one caliph cannot go above Level 2. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Credit a reasoned answer such as: It showed that power was a trust, not a privilege, kept them close to ordinary people and protected public money. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Accurate examples of shura, e.g.: Abu Bakr consulted on the collection of the Qur'an and on 'Umar's nomination; 'Umar's majlis al-shura, consulting on the land of Iraq, the calendar and the stipends; 'Umar's council of six for the succession; 'Uthman consulted on the standard copies of the Qur'an; 'Ali consulted the people of Madina and Kufa. At least two caliphs are needed for Level 3 and above. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Method, a modern example. Model answer: By having leaders consult committees, members or experts before decisions, e.g. a mosque committee asking the community about a new project. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Abu Bakr: the zakat refusers and false prophets; his firmness ('even a rope'); eleven armies; Battle of Yamama. 'Ali: negotiation before fighting; Battle of the Camel; Siffin and arbitration; the Kharijites and Nahrawan. Comparison: similarities — both defended the unity of the state and used force when necessary; differences — the nature of the opponents (apostates vs fellow Muslims), and 'Ali's greater use of negotiation. Level 4 needs accurate detail on both caliphs and an explicit comparison; description without comparison cannot go above Level 3, and one caliph only cannot go above Level 2. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Judgement, a developed reason. Model answer: A reasoned choice, e.g. 'Ali, because his opponents were respected Muslims and Companions, which divided loyalties. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Accurate details for each chosen caliph — date, place, attacker, circumstances and aftermath: 'Umar — stabbed by Abu Lu'lu'a (Firuz) while leading the dawn prayer, 23 AH / 644, appointed the council of six; 'Uthman — besieged in his house by rebels, 35 AH / 656, killed while reading the Qur'an, Na'ila injured; 'Ali — struck by the Kharijite Ibn Muljam in the mosque at Kufa, 40 AH / 661, his instructions about his attacker. Both chosen caliphs must be covered for Level 3 and above; one caliph only cannot go above Level 2. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Lesson, linking it to a caliph's example. Model answer: Courage, concern for the community over oneself and patience — e.g. 'Uthman refused bloodshed for his sake and 'Ali insisted on justice for his attacker. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: 11 AH / 632; meeting at Saqifa Bani Sa'ida; Ansar proposed a leader from among themselves; Abu Bakr, 'Umar, Abu 'Ubayda attended; 'Umar's pledge to Abu Bakr; general pledge in the mosque; address — not the best of you; help me when right, correct me when wrong; obey me as long as I obey God and His Messenger; the weak will be strong and the strong weak until rights are secured; truthfulness is a trust. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Humility and accountability; leaders are not above the law; protecting the rights of the weak, with modern example. Model answer: Leaders should be humble, accountable to the people, obey God's law and protect the rights of the weak against the powerful. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Causes — tribes left Islam, refused zakat or thought allegiance ended with the Prophet (pbuh); false prophets named (Tulayha, Musaylima, Sajah, al-Aswad al-'Ansi); unrest in Yemen after al-Aswad al-'Ansi, killed shortly before the Prophet's death; Abu Bakr's firm refusal to compromise; eleven armies; Khalid bin al-Walid; Tulayha defeated at Buzakha; Musaylima and Sajah; Battle of Yamama and Musaylima killed; many huffaz martyred; Arabia reunited within about a year. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Credit a reasoned answer such as: Without it Arabia might have broken apart and Islam's teachings, such as zakat, might have been reduced; his firmness saved the unity and teachings of Islam. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Usama appointed by the Prophet (pbuh); advice to delay / replace him; Abu Bakr refused to change the Prophet's (pbuh) decision; walked beside Usama; asked for 'Umar to stay; instructions to the army; successful return discouraged rebels; zakat refusers; refused to separate prayer and zakat; 'Umar's initial doubt and later agreement. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Judgement; supporting reasons — obedience, deterrence; recognising the risk / counter-view. Model answer: A reasoned judgement, e.g. yes — it showed loyalty to the Prophet's (pbuh) decisions and demonstrated strength, deterring rebels; but it was a risk that left Madina less defended. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Khalid's campaign in Iraq; victories over the Persians and capture of al-Hira; armies to Syria under named commanders (e.g. Abu 'Ubayda, Yazid bin Abi Sufyan, 'Amr bin al-'As, Shurahbil); Khalid's desert march to Syria; Battle of Ajnadayn, 634; instructions — protect women, children and the elderly; no destruction of trees, crops or buildings; animals not to be killed needlessly; monks and places of worship left alone; keep promises, no treachery. Both the campaigns and the instructions are needed for Level 3 and above. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Protection of non-combatants; protection of property, environment and religious sites; link to modern ideas of humane conduct in war. Model answer: Even in war Islam sets strict moral limits: non-combatants, the environment and places of worship must be protected, and fighting is only against those who fight. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Qualities, each with an example: humility (his first speech: 'obey me as long as I obey God'); firmness (wars against the apostates); loyalty to the Sunna (sending Usama's army); simplicity (small allowance, returned at his death); consultation and wisdom (collection of the Qur'an, nomination of 'Umar); care for the poor and weak. Qualities need examples for Level 3 and above. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Judgement; reasons; comparison with another achievement. Model answer: A reasoned choice, e.g. ordering the collection of the Qur'an into one volume, because it protected the Qur'an for all generations; or ending the apostasy wars, because it saved the Muslim state. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Spread to non-Arab lands; Hudhayfa reported differences in recitation; Hafsa's copy borrowed; committee led by Zayd bin Thabit (others named); Quraysh dialect used where differences arose; several copies made; sent to provincial centres; one kept in Madina; other copies destroyed; Hafsa's copy returned; 'Uthman called 'Jami' al-Qur'an' (gatherer of the Qur'an). Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: One agreed text worldwide; preservation / no corruption; unity of the ummah in worship and law, with example. Model answer: Muslims all over the world recite the same text of the Qur'an, which keeps them united and shows that the Qur'an has been preserved without change. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Conquests in North Africa (Ifriqiya / Tripoli); Armenia, Azerbaijan, Khurasan; first navy; Cyprus; Battle of the Masts; enlargement of the Prophet's mosque; public works — wells, roads, guest houses; increased stipends; generosity; continued many of 'Umar's administrative systems. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Defence of coasts; expansion and control of the Mediterranean; trade / communication. Model answer: It protected the long coasts of Syria and Egypt from Byzantine attacks by sea, allowed expansion to islands such as Cyprus and secured trade routes. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Reasons for opposition: relatives appointed as governors; complaints against particular governors; rapid growth of the state and many new converts; rumours and agitators; the disputed letter. Martyrdom: 35 AH / 656; siege by rebels from Egypt, Kufa and Basra; water cut off; he refused to allow fighting on his behalf; Hasan and Husayn among the guards; killed while reading the Qur'an; his wife Na'ila injured. Both the reasons and the martyrdom must be covered for Level 3 and above; one part only cannot go above Level 2. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Lesson, development or modern application. Model answer: That he placed the unity and safety of the community above his own life, showing patience and selflessness. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.