Life and importance of the Prophet (pbuh) Banker

Indicative content: Age about 40 / month of Ramadan; retreat in the cave of Hira on Mount Nur; Jibril appeared and commanded 'Read'; the Prophet (pbuh) replied that he could not read; the angel embraced / squeezed him three times; the first verses of Sura 96.1–5 were revealed; he returned trembling and asked to be wrapped up; Khadija reassured him (he is kind to relatives, helps the weak, honours guests); visit to Waraqa bin Naufal; Waraqa confirmed it was the angel who came to Moses and predicted opposition. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: She comforted rather than doubted him; she reminded him of his good deeds — encouragement builds confidence; she sought advice from a knowledgeable person — couples should seek good counsel when facing problems, with example. Model answer: Spouses should support each other in hard times, listen calmly, encourage each other's good qualities and seek wise advice together. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Bilal — tortured by Umayya bin Khalaf on hot sand with a stone on his chest; repeated 'Ahad, Ahad'; freed by Abu Bakr; Sumayya — killed by Abu Jahl, the first martyr; Yasir also died under torture; 'Ammar tortured; Khabbab — burned on coals; slaves and poor Muslims suffered most; the Prophet (pbuh) was mocked and had dirt / entrails thrown on him; Abu Lahab's wife put thorns in his path. Named individuals with accurate detail are needed for Level 3 and above. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Reason, developing it (e.g. certainty of reward, support of the community, conviction that idols were false). Model answer: Because their faith in God and the Hereafter was stronger than fear of pain, and they were inspired by the Prophet's (pbuh) example and the promise of reward. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Journey by night from Masjid al-Haram to Masjid al-Aqsa (mentioned in Sura 17.1); accompanied by Jibril; riding al-Buraq; led the prophets in prayer at al-Aqsa; ascension through the seven heavens; met earlier prophets (any named correctly); reached Sidrat al-Muntaha; gift of salat — fifty reduced to five on Moses's advice; Quraysh mocked / asked him to describe Jerusalem; Abu Bakr's immediate belief earned the title al-Siddiq. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Unique way it was commanded shows importance; prayer as a regular link to God / spiritual ascent for the believer; practical effect, e.g. punctuality and calm amid busy work or school. Model answer: Prayer was given directly in the heavens, showing its high status; it is a daily meeting with God that keeps the believer close to Him and disciplined. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Private / secret preaching for about three years; command to warn his close relatives; invitation of the Banu Hashim to a meal; few responded, 'Ali offered support; call from Mount Safa to the Quraysh; question about an army behind the hill; people agreed he was truthful (al-Amin); warning about punishment / need to worship one God; Abu Lahab's angry reply; revelation of Sura 111; public preaching then began at the Ka'ba and to pilgrims. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Reputation for truthfulness made people listen — character is the best invitation; began with family — start at home; clear, gentle and patient presentation, e.g. explaining Islam to colleagues or classmates respectfully. Model answer: He built trust first through honesty, started with those close to him and spoke clearly and kindly, so Muslims should invite others through good character, family first, and with wisdom rather than force. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Insults / labels (poet, magician, madman, liar); asking Abu Talib to hand him over or silence him; the Prophet's (pbuh) reply that he would not stop even if given the sun and moon (paraphrase); offers of wealth, leadership, marriage or kingship (via 'Utba); demands for miracles; persecution of followers; warning pilgrims not to listen; boycott in the valley of Abu Talib; plot to assassinate him before the Hijra. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Lesson, a modern example (e.g. refusing a bribe at work despite pressure). Model answer: That a believer should not give up truth for money, power or comfort, and should remain patient under pressure. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Date (fifth year of prophethood / 615 CE); reason — persecution in Makka; the Prophet (pbuh) described the Negus as a just king; first small group included 'Uthman and Ruqayya; second, larger group led by Ja'far; Quraysh envoys 'Amr bin al-'As and 'Abdullah bin Abi Rabi'a with gifts; they accused the Muslims of insulting Jesus / abandoning religion; Ja'far's speech; recitation from Sura Maryam; the Negus wept and protected them; envoys returned empty-handed. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Lesson, development (e.g. Muslims living in non-Muslim countries should be law-abiding and grateful citizens). Model answer: Just and kind people of other faiths can be trusted allies, and Muslims should respect and co-operate with them. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Went with Zayd bin Haritha; to the Thaqif tribe / three leaders; about the tenth year of prophethood; leaders mocked and refused; youths and slaves pelted him with stones; his feet bled / Zayd was injured protecting him; rested in a garden belonging to 'Utba and Shayba; his prayer of complaint to God; Addas offered grapes and became Muslim; angel of the mountains offered to destroy the town; he refused and prayed for future generations. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: He forgave even when he could have had revenge; he turned to God in prayer during hardship; example applied today, e.g. replying to online abuse with patience and dignity. Model answer: Forgiveness rather than revenge, patience under rejection and hope for people's future guidance. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Idol worship; eating carrion / immoral acts; cutting family ties; bad treatment of neighbours / strong oppressing weak; a messenger known for honesty and purity; call to worship one God and abandon idols; truthfulness and keeping trusts; kindness to relatives and neighbours; avoiding crime, false witness and taking orphans' property; prayer, charity and fasting; persecution as a result; request for protection; recitation from Sura Maryam about Mary and Jesus. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Honesty, even on sensitive points about Jesus; appeal to shared values and respect for the listener's faith; application to minorities today, e.g. interfaith dialogue in Europe. Model answer: He spoke truthfully and calmly, focused on shared moral values and recited about Mary and Jesus, which the Christian king respected; Muslims today should explain their faith honestly, find common ground and behave with dignity. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Reason — Banu Hashim refused to hand him over; written agreement placed in the Ka'ba; ban on trade, marriage and contact; confined to the valley (Shi'b) of Abu Talib; about three years; hunger, children crying, eating leaves; some relatives smuggled food; some Makkan leaders worked to end it / the document was found destroyed except God's name; death of Abu Talib (protector); death of Khadija (support and comfort); name 'Year of Sorrow'; increased persecution afterwards. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Clear judgement, a developed reason. Model answer: A reasoned judgement, e.g. Abu Talib's death because it removed tribal protection and led to more open persecution; or Khadija's because she was his first believer and closest emotional support. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Loyalty to the religion of their forefathers; fear of losing income from pilgrims and trade fairs connected with the idols; equality of all believers threatened the class system and the position of slaves; clan rivalry — accepting a prophet from Banu Hashim would raise that clan; belief in the Day of Judgement threatened their freedom to oppress and act immorally. Level 4 needs several reasons, each developed with explanation or example; a list of undeveloped reasons stays in Level 2. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Judgement, supporting reason. Model answer: A reasoned choice, e.g. economic, because the Ka'ba's idols attracted the pilgrims and trade on which Makka's wealth depended. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Land bought from two orphan boys; the Prophet (pbuh) helped build it himself; simple structure of mud bricks, palm trunks and leaves; uses — prayer, teaching, meetings, court, welcoming delegations; Suffa platform for poor students; the Prophet's (pbuh) rooms built beside it; brotherhood between Muhajirun and Ansar; Ansar shared homes, wealth and farms; example of Sa'd bin al-Rabi' and 'Abdur Rahman bin 'Awf; brotherhood replaced tribal loyalty with faith. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Point, a specific example (e.g. a mosque in Birmingham running a food bank, or a Lahore mosque offering free tuition). Model answer: By being community centres that teach, help the poor and welcome everyone, not only places of prayer. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Muslims as one ummah; Jews of Madina recognised as a community with the believers; freedom of religion for each group; joint defence of Madina; shared war expenses; no help or protection to the Quraysh; disputes referred to the Prophet (pbuh) as final authority; Madina a sanctuary (haram); protection of allies and the weak; justice — wrongdoers punished whatever their tribe. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Freedom of religion / protection of places of worship; equal rights and justice before the law; working together for the common good, e.g. disaster relief or defence. Model answer: Equal citizenship, freedom of worship and shared duty to protect the country create trust and unity among Muslims, Christians, Hindus and others. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: At least three terms: ten-year truce; return this year, pilgrimage next year for three days; only sheathed swords; Makkans coming to Madina without permission to be returned, not the reverse; tribes free to join either side; afterwards: many accepted Islam during peace (e.g. Khalid bin al-Walid and 'Amr bin al-'As); 'umra performed the next year; letters to rulers; breach by Banu Bakr against Banu Khuza'a led to the conquest. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Quraysh recognised the Muslims as a power by signing; peace allowed preaching and many conversions; it led to the peaceful conquest / long-term gain over short-term disappointment. Model answer: It gave the Muslims recognition as an equal party, ended the threat of war and allowed Islam to spread peacefully, so the number of Muslims grew quickly and Makka was later taken almost without fighting. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Sent after the Treaty of Hudaybiyya (about 7 AH); seal with 'Muhammad Messenger of God'; letters invited to Islam and warned of responsibility for subjects; Heraclius (Byzantium) — questioned Abu Sufyan, respectful but did not convert; Khusrau (Persia) — tore the letter; the Prophet (pbuh) said his kingdom would be torn apart; Negus — accepted / respectful reply; al-Muqawqis (Egypt) — polite reply and gifts; envoys such as Dihya al-Kalbi sent to Heraclius. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Islam is for all humanity, not one nation; polite, clear, written communication — today through media and the internet; no compulsion — the Prophet (pbuh) did not force acceptance. Model answer: The message is universal and should be shared respectfully and clearly with leaders and ordinary people, using the best means of communication available, while leaving the response to the listener. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: 6 AH; about 1,400 pilgrims; intention of 'umra, unarmed apart from travellers' swords / animals for sacrifice; Quraysh refused entry; camp at Hudaybiyya; 'Uthman sent as envoy; rumour of his death; Pledge of Ridwan under the tree; Suhayl bin 'Amr as Quraysh negotiator; dispute over writing 'In the name of God, the Most Merciful' and 'Messenger of God'; Abu Jandal incident; Companions upset; sacrifice and shaving of heads at Hudaybiyya. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Patience / flexibility on non-essentials; keeping his word even when painful; vision for peace and wise use of advice, with judgement on which quality mattered most. Model answer: He showed patience and flexibility over wording, firmness in keeping promises (returning Abu Jandal), and wisdom in choosing peace for long-term benefit; he also consulted Umm Salama when Companions hesitated. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Date (17 Ramadan 2 AH / 624); about 313 Muslims with few horses and camels; Quraysh about 1,000; cause — Abu Sufyan's caravan and Quraysh protection of it; camp near the wells (advice of al-Hubab); the Prophet's (pbuh) prayer for victory; duels — Hamza, 'Ali, 'Ubayda; help of angels / rain; Abu Jahl killed; about 70 Quraysh killed and 70 captured; 14 Muslims martyred; prisoners treated kindly, some freed for teaching ten children to read. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Reason, development (e.g. a small, poorly armed group defeated a large army, confirming trust in God). Model answer: It strengthened the Muslims' faith that God supports believers, gave them status in Arabia and weakened the Quraysh leadership. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Date (3 AH / 625); Quraysh about 3,000 seeking revenge for Badr; consultation, decision to fight outside the city; withdrawal of 'Abdullah bin Ubayy and about 300; about 700 Muslims; 50 archers on the hill under 'Abdullah bin Jubayr; instruction not to leave whatever happened; early Muslim success; archers left their post; Khalid bin al-Walid's attack from behind; Hamza martyred (by Wahshi); the Prophet (pbuh) wounded / rumour of his death; about 70 martyrs including Mus'ab bin 'Umayr. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Lesson (archers' disobedience caused the setback), a modern application (e.g. following safety rules at work or a team plan). Model answer: Disobeying clear instructions for personal gain can harm the whole community, so Muslims should follow rightful leadership and rules even when tempted. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: 5 AH / 627; confederates (al-Ahzab) about 10,000; Muslims about 3,000; trench suggested by Salman al-Farsi (a Persian method); the Prophet (pbuh) worked with the Companions in hunger and cold; siege of several weeks; Banu Qurayza broke their treaty; duel — 'Ali killed 'Amr bin 'Abd Wudd; division sown among the enemy (Nu'aym bin Mas'ud); violent wind / storm; enemy withdrew without taking Madina. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Consultation (shura) is part of Islamic leadership; merit not origin — Salman was a Persian convert; example today, e.g. a company manager or school head welcoming ideas from staff and students. Model answer: Good leaders consult others and accept good ideas from anyone, whatever their background, and work alongside their people. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: 9 AH / 630; Byzantine threat; extreme heat, long distance, harvest time; appeal for funds; 'Uthman's large contribution; Abu Bakr gave everything; 'Umar gave half; army about 30,000; hypocrites' excuses; no battle took place; treaties with local tribes / show of strength; Ka'b bin Malik and two others boycotted and later forgiven. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Sacrifice reveals sincerity; contrast with hypocrites' excuses; Ka'b's honesty rather than lying — applied today, e.g. admitting a mistake at work. Model answer: True faith shows when sacrifice is hard: the sincere gave wealth and effort despite heat and harvest, while hypocrites made excuses; Ka'b's honesty about his failure shows truthfulness brings forgiveness. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: 8 AH, after the conquest of Makka; enemies — Hawazin and Thaqif; Muslims about 12,000, including new Muslims from Makka; overconfidence in numbers (mentioned in the Qur'an, Sura 9); ambush in the valley of Hunayn; Muslims fled in confusion; the Prophet (pbuh) stood firm; al-'Abbas called the Companions back; victory; much booty; generosity to new Muslims / captives returned. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Badr — few but trusting in God; Hunayn — many but proud, near defeat; conclusion applied today, e.g. not relying only on wealth or connections but on effort and trust in God. Model answer: At Badr a small, faithful army won; at Hunayn a large army nearly lost through overconfidence; together they teach that victory comes from God and reliance on Him, not from size or resources. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Breach of Hudaybiyya (Banu Bakr against Banu Khuza'a); Abu Sufyan's failed attempt to renew the treaty; 10,000 Muslims; Ramadan 8 AH / 630; camp fires at Marr al-Zahran; Abu Sufyan's acceptance of Islam; amnesty conditions (his house, own homes, the Haram); entry from several directions, little resistance; the Prophet (pbuh) entered with head bowed in humility; idols destroyed (Sura 17.81 recited); Bilal's adhan on the Ka'ba; general pardon, even of former enemies. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Lesson, a modern application (e.g. forgiving a relative who wronged you, or reconciliation after conflict). Model answer: To forgive enemies when in a position of power, rather than taking revenge. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Setting — Farewell Hajj, 10 AH, plain of 'Arafat; sanctity of life, property and honour; usury abolished; blood revenge of pre-Islamic times ended; rights of women and kindness to wives; rights of husbands; equality of all races — superiority only by piety; brotherhood of Muslims; do not wrong others / return trusts; carry out the pillars; hold to the Qur'an and the Sunna; convey the message to those absent; he asked whether he had conveyed the message and called God to witness. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Judgement, a developed reason with a modern example. Model answer: A reasoned choice, e.g. racial equality, because discrimination still divides societies. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Date 11 AH / 632; illness after the Farewell Hajj; stayed in 'A'isha's room; final advice about prayer and those in one's care; died aged about 63; shock and grief of the Companions; 'Umar's initial disbelief; Abu Bakr's speech and recitation of Sura 3.144; washing by his family including 'Ali and al-'Abbas; burial in the room / beside his mosque in Madina. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Protected tawhid — worship only for God; brought calm and acceptance during grief; allowed the community to stay united and move on to choosing a leader. Model answer: They calmed the community, reminded people that the Prophet (pbuh) was a human messenger and that worship belongs to God alone, and kept Muslims united at a dangerous moment. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: 9 AH called the Year of Delegations ('Am al-Wufud); followed the conquest of Makka, Hunayn and Tabuk; delegations from across Arabia; received in the mosque with honour and gifts; Thaqif accepted Islam; their requests to keep al-Lat / be excused from prayer refused; Christians of Najran — discussion, allowed to pray in the mosque, treaty letting them keep their religion; teachers / officials sent with tribes; Sura 110 (people entering Islam in crowds); Abu Bakr led the Hajj of 9 AH. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: The fall of the Quraysh removed the main obstacle; mercy and generosity — general pardon at Makka, honour shown to delegations; strength and security of the Muslim state / end of tribal wars, with judgement on the main reason. Model answer: The Quraysh, leaders of Arabia, had accepted Islam, so other tribes no longer feared them; the mercy shown at Makka and the Prophet's (pbuh) generous treatment of delegations won hearts; and Islam was now clearly the strongest power, offering peace and unity instead of tribal war. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: First pledge 621 / twelve people (Aws and Khazraj); terms — worship one God, no theft, no adultery, no killing children, no slander, obedience in good; Mus'ab bin 'Umayr sent as teacher; Islam spread in Yathrib; second pledge 622 / about 73 men and 2 women; promise to defend the Prophet (pbuh) like their own families; invitation to migrate; leaders (naqibs) appointed; Muslims began to migrate to Yathrib. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Safe place and protection after the loss of Abu Talib; a community willing to follow Islamic teaching; led to the Hijra, the Madinan state and the spread of Islam. Model answer: They gave the Muslims a safe base and loyal supporters at a time of severe persecution in Makka, making the Hijra and the first Muslim community possible. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Meeting at Dar al-Nadwa; plan for men of all clans to kill him together; permission to migrate revealed; 'Ali in his bed; 'Ali returned the trusts; left with Abu Bakr; cave of Thawr for three nights; reassurance 'God is with us' (Sura 9.40); Asma's food / Dhat al-Nitaqayn; 'Abdullah bin Abi Bakr's news; shepherd 'Amir bin Fuhayra covered tracks; guide 'Abdullah bin Urayqit; Suraqa's chase for 100 camels and his horse stumbling; arrival at Quba. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Each half: careful planning (secret route, guide, hiding) and complete trust in God (reassurance in the cave). Model answer: Muslims should plan carefully and take precautions, and then put their trust in God for the outcome. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Stay at Quba; building of the Quba mosque, the first mosque; 'Ali joined him; first Friday prayer on the journey; joyful welcome in Madina; tribes offered hospitality; he let his camel (al-Qaswa') decide; it knelt on orphans' land; land bought for the mosque; stayed with Abu Ayyub al-Ansari; Yathrib renamed Madina. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Hospitality as a sign of faith; generosity shared even when resources are limited; modern example, e.g. families in Pakistan hosting flood victims or communities welcoming refugees. Model answer: Muslims should welcome newcomers, refugees and guests generously and with joy, as the Ansar did. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Persecution intensified and the Prophet lost his protectors (Abu Talib and Khadija); invitation and protection promised at the Pledges of 'Aqaba; Yathrib needed a peacemaker between Aws and Khazraj; the Quraysh plot to assassinate him; divine permission to migrate; the opportunity to build a community where Islam could be practised freely. Level 4 needs several reasons, each developed; a list of undeveloped reasons stays in Level 2. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Judgement; support — new community, state, calendar starts from the Hijra; counter-argument with another event. Model answer: Largely agree: it turned a persecuted group into a community and state, which is why the Islamic calendar begins with it; but some may argue the first revelation or the conquest of Makka was equally important. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Born in Makka, about 570 CE, Year of the Elephant; clan Banu Hashim of Quraysh; father 'Abdullah died before his birth; nursed by Halima al-Sa'diyya; desert life for health and pure Arabic; blessings for Halima's household; returned to Amina; Amina died at al-Abwa' when he was six; Umm Ayman brought him back; grandfather 'Abd al-Muttalib's care; 'Abd al-Muttalib died when he was eight; uncle Abu Talib became guardian. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Lesson, a practical example (e.g. supporting orphan sponsorship or caring for a relative's orphaned child). Model answer: Families and society have a duty to care for orphans with love and support, as his relatives did. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Indicative content: Trade journey to Syria at about twelve; monk Bahira; shepherd; trader; Hilf al-Fudul; titles al-Amin / al-Sadiq; employed by Khadija; her servant Maysara reported his honesty; marriage at 25; rebuilding of the Ka'ba and the Black Stone dispute at 35; solution with the cloak; never worshipped idols; retreats to Hira. Marked by levels out of 10. Level 4 (9–10): a full, accurate and well-organised answer with precise detail (names, dates, places, sequence) and supporting references to the Qur'an or Hadith where relevant. Level 3 (6–8): a mostly accurate answer covering the main points, with some detail but gaps or little supporting evidence. Level 2 (3–5): a general answer with some relevant points but limited detail or some errors. Level 1 (1–2): a few basic or partly relevant points. 0: nothing creditworthy.

Mark points to credit: Point, development (e.g. the Quraysh admitted at Mount Safa that he had never lied). Model answer: Because people already trusted him, it was harder for them to call him a liar, and his reputation gave weight to his message. Marked by levels out of 4. Level 4 (4): a well-developed, reasoned answer (two developed points, or one fully developed point) linked to life today, with a clear judgement where the question asks for one. Level 3 (3): a reasoned answer with some development and a relevant example, but the judgement or link to today is less clear. Level 2 (2): one or two simple points with little development. Level 1 (1): a basic, general statement. 0: nothing creditworthy.