References only, not question text. Open Official paper ↗ where Cambridge publishes the paper,
or see the official Cambridge past-papers page; for other papers, ask your
school. “Paper 42” means Paper 4, variant 2.
Practice questions
Original questions written by HomiLabs in the style of the exam, with answers and mark schemes. They are not
Cambridge past paper questions and have not been reviewed by Cambridge. Try each one before opening the answer.
Q1Mountains and natural topography · Core · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Name the three great mountain ranges that meet in the far north of Pakistan.[3]
(b)Name the mountain range that forms much of the boundary between Sindh and Balochistan.[1]
(c)Explain two ways in which the northern mountains affect the climate of Pakistan. You should develop your answer.[4]
Show answer
(a) Himalayas, Karakoram and Hindu Kush
1 mark for each range.
(b) Kirthar Range
1 mark: Kirthar.
(c) They act as a barrier to the very cold winds from Central Asia in winter, so the plains are warmer than they would otherwise be; they force the moist monsoon winds to rise, so the air cools and heavy relief rain falls on the southern slopes and foothills such as around Murree and Islamabad.
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to'). Ways: block cold Central Asian winds; relief rainfall from monsoon winds and western depressions on windward slopes; lower temperatures with altitude; snowfall stored as glaciers feeds the rivers in summer.
Q2Mountains and natural topography · Core · Paper 2 style · 4 marks
K2 in the Karakoram is about 8611 m high and Nanga Parbat in the Himalayas about 8126 m high.
(a)Calculate how much higher K2 is than Nanga Parbat.[1]
(b)Name the mountain range in which Tirich Mir is found.[1]
(c)Name two mountain ranges in the western mountains of Pakistan.[2]
Show answer
(a) 485 m.
B1 485 m.
(b) The Hindu Kush.
1 mark.
(c) Any two: Sulaiman, Kirthar, Safed Koh, Toba Kakar, Waziristan Hills, Chagai Hills, Makran Coast Ranges.
1 each.
Q3Mountains and natural topography · Core · Paper 2 style · 6 marks
(a)Name the pass on the Karakoram Highway at the border with China.[1]
(b)Name the pass between Peshawar and Afghanistan.[1]
(c)Name the pass that links Sibi with Quetta.[1]
(d)Explain why mountain passes have been important in the history and trade of Pakistan.[3]
Show answer
(a) Khunjerab Pass.
1 mark.
(b) Khyber Pass.
1 mark.
(c) Bolan Pass.
1 mark.
(d) They are gaps through otherwise high mountain barriers, so they have been the routes taken by traders, travellers and invaders entering the subcontinent. Today roads and railways use them, for example the Karakoram Highway for trade with China and the Khyber route to Afghanistan.
1 per point, max 3.
Q4Mountains and natural topography · Standard · Paper 2 style · 7 marks
(a)Describe the main features of the Potwar Plateau.[3]
(b)Explain two reasons why soil erosion is a serious problem on the Potwar Plateau.[4]
Show answer
(a) An upland area between the Jhelum and Indus rivers, south of the northern mountains and north of the Salt Range; height roughly 300–600 m; land deeply cut by gullies (badland topography) from soil erosion; contains oil and gas fields.
1 per point, max 3.
(b) Rain falls in heavy monsoon downpours on soft soils, so running water cuts deep gullies. Natural vegetation has been removed by grazing and fuelwood cutting, leaving the soil unprotected.
1 + 1 development each: heavy rain; soft soils; sloping land; deforestation; overgrazing.
Q5Mountains and natural topography · Standard · Paper 2 style · 4 marks
Air temperature falls by about 6.5 °C for every 1000 m rise in height. On a June afternoon the temperature at a town in the plains (near sea level) is 32 °C.
(a)Estimate the temperature at the same time at a hill station 2400 m higher. Give your answer to 1 decimal place.[2]
(b)Explain why hill stations such as Murree attract visitors in summer.[2]
Show answer
(a) 6.5 × 2.4 = 15.6 °C; 32 − 15.6 = 16.4 °C.
M1 fall of 15.6 °C; A1 16.4 °C.
(b) Their height makes them much cooler than the hot plains, so people go there to escape the heat; they also have forests and scenery.
1 + 1 development.
Q6Mountains and natural topography · Standard · Paper 2 style · 6 marks
(a)Describe the Salt Range.[3]
(b)Explain why the Balochistan Plateau is thinly populated.[3]
Show answer
(a) A line of hills in northern Punjab at the southern edge of the Potwar Plateau, running roughly east–west between the Jhelum and the Indus; height up to about 1,500 m; contains large rock-salt deposits, mined at Khewra, as well as gypsum, limestone and coal.
1 per point, max 3.
(b) It is very dry with low, unreliable rainfall and few permanent rivers, so there is little water for farming. The land is rugged and rocky with poor soils, and summers are very hot and winters cold, making transport and services difficult to provide.
1 per point, max 3.
Q7Mountains and natural topography · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
Two points on a mountain road in the north of Pakistan (illustrative figures): Point A in a valley is 520 m above sea level; Point B at the top of a pass is 2,320 m above sea level. The road distance between them is 30 km.
(a)Calculate the rise in height from Point A to Point B.[1]
(b)Calculate the average gradient of the route in metres of rise per kilometre.[1]
(c)Air temperature falls by about 6.5 °C for every 1,000 m of height. Estimate the temperature at Point B when it is 34 °C at Point A. Give your answer to one decimal place.[2]
(d)Explain two reasons why landslides are common along roads in the northern mountains of Pakistan. You should develop your answer.[4]
Show answer
(a) 1,800 m
2,320 − 520 = 1,800 m.
(b) 60 m per km
1,800 ÷ 30 = 60 m/km.
(c) 22.3 °C
1,800 m = 1.8 × 6.5 = 11.7 °C fall (M1); 34 − 11.7 = 22.3 °C (A1).
(d) The slopes are very steep and the rocks are often weak and broken, and the area has frequent earthquakes because it lies where tectonic plates meet, so loose rock and soil are easily shaken down onto roads; heavy monsoon rain and spring snowmelt soak the slopes, making them heavier and more likely to slide, especially where road building has cut away the foot of the slope or trees have been removed.
1 mark for each of two reasons + 1 mark each for development (a consequence or 'which leads to'). Reasons: steep slopes; weak, fractured rocks; earthquakes (active plate boundary); heavy rain and snowmelt saturate slopes; road cutting undermines slopes; deforestation removes roots that bind soil.
Q8Mountains and natural topography · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 6 marks
(a)Explain two ways in which the northern mountains are important to the rest of Pakistan.[4]
(b)Describe two natural hazards found in the northern mountains.[2]
Show answer
(a) Glaciers and snowfields in the Karakoram and Himalayas feed the Indus and its tributaries, which supply irrigation water to the plains. The steep rivers in the mountains give sites for hydroelectric power such as Tarbela and the planned Diamer-Bhasha Dam.
1 + 1 development each: water source; HEP; tourism; forests/timber; barrier to cold winds from Central Asia; minerals.
(b) Any two: landslides blocking roads such as the Karakoram Highway; avalanches; earthquakes (e.g. 2005); glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs); flash floods.
1 each.
Q9Mountains and natural topography · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 6 marks
(a)Describe the shape and direction of the western mountains.[2]
(b)'The mountains of Pakistan are more of a barrier than a resource.' Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer.[4]
Show answer
(a) They run roughly north to south along the western border (from the Safed Koh down to the Kirthar near the coast), lower than the northern ranges, in parallel ridges with valleys between.
1 each.
(b) Barrier: rugged relief makes roads and railways expensive and dangerous; landslides cut communities off; few people can farm the steep slopes. Resource: water from glaciers and snow for irrigation; HEP; tourism (K2, Hunza, Swat); forests; minerals; defensive barrier. Judgement required.
Levels: L1 (1–2) simple points; L2 (3–4) both sides developed with judgement.
Q10Rivers and floodplains · Core · Paper 2 style · 5 marks
(a)Name the river that joins the Indus at Attock.[1]
(b)Name the four eastern tributaries that combine at Panjnad before joining the Indus.[2]
(c)Define the term 'doab'.[1]
(d)Name the doab between the Indus and the Jhelum.[1]
Show answer
(a) The Kabul River.
1 mark.
(b) Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej.
2 marks for all four; 1 mark for two or three. Accept Beas in place of one river (it joins the Sutlej in India before Panjnad).
(c) The land lying between two rivers that join (for example the Rechna Doab between the Ravi and the Chenab).
1 mark.
(d) Sindh Sagar Doab.
1 mark.
Q11Rivers and floodplains · Core · Paper 2 style · 6 marks
(a)Describe two features of the floodplain of the Indus in Sindh.[2]
(b)Explain two reasons why many people live and farm on floodplains in Pakistan.[4]
Show answer
(a) Wide, flat land; fertile alluvial soils; natural levees along the river banks; meanders and oxbow lakes (any two).
1 each.
(b) Floods deposit fertile silt (alluvium) each year, so crop yields are high without much fertiliser. The flat land and nearby river water make irrigation by canals easy, allowing two crops a year.
1 mark per reason + 1 for development, x2: fertile alluvium; flat land easy to plough/irrigate; water supply; good for transport/settlements.
Q12Rivers and floodplains · Core · Paper 2 style · 5 marks
(a)State where the Indus rises.[1]
(b)Name the river on which Mangla Dam is built.[1]
(c)Describe the course of the Indus through Pakistan.[3]
Show answer
(a) In Tibet (near Lake Mansarovar / Mount Kailash), China.
1 mark.
(b) The Jhelum.
1 mark.
(c) It enters Pakistan in Gilgit-Baltistan and flows through deep gorges in the northern mountains, then southwards past Tarbela and Attock (where the Kabul joins). It crosses the Punjab plains, receives the Panjnad near Mithankot, then flows through Sindh past Sukkur and Hyderabad to the Arabian Sea.
1 mark per point, max 3: north (Gilgit-Baltistan, gorges); flows south; Attock / Kabul River; Panjnad near Mithankot; through Sindh to Arabian Sea / delta.
Q13Rivers and floodplains · Standard · Paper 2 style · 6 marks
A survey of a section of the Indus in the plains measured the height of the river surface at two points 840 km apart: 290 m above sea level upstream and 80 m above sea level downstream.
(a)Calculate the average gradient of this section in metres per kilometre.[2]
(b)Explain how a gentle gradient such as this leads to the formation of meanders and oxbow lakes.[4]
Show answer
(a) 290 − 80 = 210 m; 210 ÷ 840 = 0.25 m per km.
M1 drop in height ÷ distance; A1 0.25 m/km.
(b) On a gentle gradient the river flows slowly and swings from side to side, eroding the outer bank where flow is fastest and depositing on the inner bank, so bends grow into meanders. During floods the river may cut across the narrow neck of a meander, and deposition seals off the old loop as an oxbow lake.
Develop two points (1 + 1 development each): lateral erosion on outer bend; deposition on inner bend; meander neck narrows; cut through in flood; loop sealed by deposits = oxbow lake.
Q14Rivers and floodplains · Standard · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
The table shows the average monthly discharge (in cubic metres per second) of a river at a gauging station in northern Punjab (data invented for this question).Jan: 1200Feb: 1100Mar: 1400Apr: 2300May: 4800Jun: 8900Jul: 12600Aug: 11800Sep: 6500Oct: 2600Nov: 1600Dec: 1300
(a)State the month with the highest discharge and the range of the data.[2]
(b)Calculate the percentage of the year's total monthly discharge that occurs in June, July, August and September. Give your answer to 1 decimal place.[2]
(c)Explain two reasons why discharge is so much higher in summer.[4]
(c) Higher summer temperatures melt snow and glaciers in the northern mountains, sending meltwater into the rivers. The monsoon brings heavy rain from July to September, adding surface run-off.
1 + 1 development each: snow/glacier melt; monsoon rainfall.
Q15Rivers and floodplains · Standard · Paper 2 style · 6 marks
(a)Name the sea into which the Indus flows and the landform it has built at its mouth.[2]
(b)Explain two reasons why the Indus Delta is shrinking.[4]
Show answer
(a) The Arabian Sea; a delta (the Indus Delta).
1 each.
(b) Dams and barrages upstream trap silt and take water for irrigation, so little water or sediment reaches the delta to build it up. With less river flow, sea water pushes inland (sea intrusion), eroding the coast and making land saline.
1 + 1 development each: less freshwater below Kotri; silt trapped behind dams; sea-water intrusion / coastal erosion; mangrove loss.
Q16Rivers and floodplains · Standard · Paper 2 style · 4 marks
On a map with a scale of 1 : 2,000,000, the straight-line distance between Taunsa Barrage and Guddu Barrage on the Indus measures 12.9 cm.
(a)How many kilometres does 1 cm on this map represent?[1]
(b)Calculate the straight-line distance between the two barrages in kilometres.[1]
(c)Suggest why the distance along the river is greater than the straight-line distance.[2]
Show answer
(a) 20 km.
B1.
(b) 12.9 × 20 = 258 km.
B1 258 km.
(c) The river meanders across its floodplain, so it follows a winding course that is longer than a straight line.
1 for meanders/bends; 1 for development.
Q17Rivers and floodplains · Standard · Paper 2 style · 5 marks
(a)Explain two problems that heavy silt loads in rivers cause for people in Pakistan.[4]
(b)Suggest one way to reduce the amount of silt entering rivers.[1]
Show answer
(a) Silt settles in reservoirs such as Tarbela, reducing the amount of water they can store for irrigation and power. Silt also fills canals, so they must be cleaned regularly, which is costly, and river beds rise, increasing flood risk.
1 + 1 development each: reservoir capacity loss; canal desilting cost; raised riverbeds/flooding; damage to turbines.
(b) Plant trees / terrace slopes in the catchment areas to reduce soil erosion (or check dams).
1 mark.
Q18Rivers and floodplains · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 8 marks
(a)Explain two ways in which human activity has increased flood damage along rivers in Pakistan.[4]
(b)'Building more embankments is the best way to reduce flood damage in Pakistan.' Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer.[4]
Show answer
(a) Deforestation in the catchments of the northern hills means less rain is intercepted and more runs off quickly, so river levels rise faster. Building houses and roads on floodplains and in old river beds puts more people and property in the path of floods and blocks the natural flow of water.
1 + 1 development each: deforestation; building on floodplains/riverbeds; blocked drains/encroachment; poorly maintained embankments; climate change from emissions.
(b) Embankments protect towns and farmland from normal floods and are relatively cheap, but they can fail in extreme floods (as in 2010 and 2022), give a false sense of safety and move the problem downstream. Other methods such as early-warning systems, planting trees in catchments, storage dams and keeping people off high-risk floodplains may be more effective. A balanced answer reaches a judgement.
Levels: L1 (1–2) simple points; L2 (3–4) both sides developed with a conclusion.
Q19Rivers and floodplains · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 6 marks
(a)Describe how a natural levee forms.[3]
(b)Explain why rivers in the plains of Pakistan change their course from time to time.[3]
Show answer
(a) When a river floods it spreads out over its floodplain and slows down suddenly at the edge of the channel. The coarsest, heaviest sediment is dropped first, closest to the channel. Repeated floods build these deposits into raised banks (levees).
1 per point, max 3.
(b) The rivers carry huge loads of silt from the mountains, which are deposited on the river bed, raising it above the surrounding plain. In a large flood the river can break through its banks and take a new, lower route, as the Indus and its tributaries have done in the past.
1 per point, max 3: heavy silt load; bed raised; breaks levees in floods; flat land / gentle gradient lets channel shift; meanders migrate.
Q20Deserts · Core · Paper 2 style · 4 marks
(a)Name the desert found in south-east Sindh.[1]
(b)Name the desert in the Bahawalpur region of Punjab.[1]
(c)Name the desert that lies between the Indus and the Jhelum rivers.[1]
(d)Name the sandy desert found in western Balochistan.[1]
Show answer
(a) The Thar Desert.
1 mark.
(b) The Cholistan Desert.
1 mark.
(c) The Thal Desert.
1 mark.
(d) The Kharan Desert.
1 mark.
Q21Deserts · Core · Paper 2 style · 6 marks
(a)Describe two physical features of the Thar Desert.[2]
(b)Explain two ways in which people in the Thar Desert make a living.[4]
Show answer
(a) Sand dunes (some moving); sandy soils; very low, unreliable rainfall; high summer temperatures and large daily temperature range; scrub vegetation; few permanent rivers (any two).
1 each.
(b) Many keep goats, sheep, cattle and camels because animals can graze sparse scrub and move to find pasture. Some grow millet and other drought-tolerant crops in the rainy season when the monsoon brings enough rain; others work in handicrafts (embroidery, weaving) or in the Thar coalfield.
1 + 1 development each: livestock herding; rain-fed crops (millet, guar); handicrafts; coal mining; migration for work.
Q22Deserts · Core · Paper 2 style · 4 marks
In June, the average daytime maximum at a station in the Kharan Desert is about 44 °C and the night-time minimum about 23 °C.
(a)Calculate the daily (diurnal) temperature range.[1]
(b)Explain why deserts have a large diurnal range of temperature.[3]
Show answer
(a) 44 − 23 = 21 °C.
B1 21 °C.
(b) Clear skies with few clouds let strong sunshine heat the ground quickly by day. At night there is no cloud cover to trap heat, so it is lost rapidly by radiation. Dry air and sand / bare rock heat and cool quickly.
1 per point, max 3.
Q23Deserts · Standard · Paper 2 style · 6 marks
Average monthly rainfall (mm) at a weather station in the Thar Desert (figures approximate, for this question):Jan: 2Feb: 3Mar: 2Apr: 1May: 4Jun: 18Jul: 95Aug: 82Sep: 26Oct: 3Nov: 1Dec: 2
(a)Calculate the total annual rainfall.[1]
(b)Calculate the percentage of the annual rainfall that falls in July and August. Give your answer to the nearest whole number.[2]
(c)Explain why the Thar Desert receives so little rain.[3]
Show answer
(a) 239 mm.
B1 239 mm.
(b) 95 + 82 = 177; 177 ÷ 239 × 100 = 74%.
M1; A1 74%.
(c) The monsoon winds reach it last, after losing much of their moisture, and there are no mountains to force the air to rise and cool. Winds blowing from the dry west / high pressure in winter bring no rain, and high temperatures cause rapid evaporation.
1 per point, max 3: far from moisture source / end of monsoon track; no relief to cause uplift; dry winds; high evaporation.
Q24Deserts · Standard · Paper 2 style · 6 marks
(a)Define 'desertification'.[2]
(b)Explain two human causes of desertification in Cholistan.[4]
Show answer
(a) The process by which land in dry areas becomes desert-like, losing its vegetation and soil fertility, as a result of human activity and/or climate change.
1 for land becoming desert/ degraded; 1 for causes (human activity or climate) / dry areas.
(b) Overgrazing by large herds removes the grass and shrubs that hold the soil, so wind blows the soil away. Cutting trees and shrubs for fuelwood has the same effect, and over-pumping groundwater lowers the water table so plants die.
1 + 1 development each: overgrazing; fuelwood collection; overuse of groundwater; poor farming practices.
Q25Deserts · Standard · Paper 2 style · 6 marks
(a)What is a 'toba' in Cholistan?[1]
(b)Explain two problems faced by people living in the Cholistan Desert.[4]
(c)Suggest one way to improve the water supply for these people.[1]
Show answer
(a) A natural or dug hollow / pond that collects rainwater for people and animals.
1 mark.
(b) Water is scarce because rain is low and unreliable; tobas dry up in long droughts, forcing families to migrate with their animals. Services are few because people are scattered and roads are poor, so access to schools and health care is limited.
1 + 1 development each: water shortage; drought kills livestock; poor transport; few services; extreme heat.
(c) Lining tobas / building covered tanks; solar-powered tube wells; pipelines from canals; desalination of saline groundwater (any one).
1 mark.
Q26Deserts · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 6 marks
(a)Explain how canal irrigation changed the Thal Desert.[4]
(b)Suggest two reasons why irrigation has not been extended to most of the Thar Desert.[2]
Show answer
(a) Canals from the Jinnah Barrage (the Thal Canal) brought river water to the desert, so land that had only sparse grazing could grow wheat, cotton, sugarcane and gram. Settlements, roads and markets grew up and dunes were levelled for fields, although some areas later suffered waterlogging and salinity.
1 + 1 development each, max 4.
(b) The Thar is far from large river barrages / canal systems in parts; shifting sand dunes would fill canals; high evaporation and porous sand mean water losses would be huge; high cost compared with likely returns (any two).
1 each.
Q27Deserts · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 7 marks
(a)Describe how a barchan (crescent-shaped dune) forms.[3]
(b)'The deserts of Pakistan have more advantages than disadvantages for the country.' Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer.[4]
Show answer
(a) Wind blowing mainly from one direction drives sand into a heap. Sand is blown up the gentle windward slope and falls down the steep leeward (slip) face. The edges move faster than the higher middle, so the 'horns' point downwind, giving a crescent shape.
1 per point, max 3.
(b) Advantages: Thar coal reserves; potential for solar power; tourism (Derawar Fort, jeep rallies in Cholistan); livestock and handicrafts; land that can be irrigated (Thal). Disadvantages: water shortage, droughts and famine; poverty and poor services; desertification spreading; difficult transport. A judgement is needed.
Levels: L1 (1–2) simple points; L2 (3–4) both sides developed with a judgement.
Q28Location and provinces · Core · Paper 2 style · 5 marks
(a)Name the country that borders Pakistan to the north-east.[1]
(b)Name the two countries that border Pakistan to the west.[2]
(c)Name the province whose capital is Peshawar.[1]
(d)Name the provincial capital of Balochistan.[1]
Show answer
(a) China.
1 mark.
(b) Afghanistan and Iran.
1 each.
(c) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
1 mark.
(d) Quetta.
1 mark.
Q29Location and provinces · Core · Paper 2 style · 5 marks
(a)Name the narrow strip of Afghan territory that separates Pakistan from Tajikistan.[1]
(b)Name the largest city of Sindh, which is also Pakistan's main seaport.[1]
(c)Name the deep-sea port on the Makran coast developed with Chinese help.[1]
(d)State two reasons why Punjab has the largest population of the provinces.[2]
Show answer
(a) The Wakhan Corridor.
1 mark.
(b) Karachi.
1 mark.
(c) Gwadar.
1 mark.
(d) Fertile, flat plains watered by five rivers and canals; large irrigated farming; many industries and large cities (Lahore, Faisalabad); good transport links (any two).
1 each.
Q30Location and provinces · Standard · Paper 2 style · 5 marks
Approximate areas (km²): Balochistan 347,190; Punjab 205,344; Sindh 140,914; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 101,741; Islamabad Capital Territory 906.
(a)Calculate the total area of these five units.[1]
(b)Calculate Balochistan's area as a percentage of this total. Give your answer to 1 decimal place.[2]
(c)Balochistan has the largest area but the smallest population of the four provinces. Suggest two reasons for this.[2]
Show answer
(a) 796,095 km² (about 796,000 km²).
B1.
(b) 347,190 ÷ 796,095 × 100 = 43.6%.
M1; A1 43.6%.
(c) Dry climate with little water for farming; rugged mountains and plateaus; poor transport links; few job opportunities (any two).
1 each.
Q31Location and provinces · Standard · Paper 2 style · 7 marks
(a)Describe Pakistan's position in the world using latitude and neighbouring regions.[3]
(b)Explain two advantages of Pakistan's location for trade.[4]
Show answer
(a) Pakistan lies roughly between 24° N and 37° N, in South Asia, north of the Arabian Sea. It is close to the Middle East (Gulf) to the west and Central Asia to the north, with China to the north-east and India to the east.
1 per point, max 3: approximate latitude; South Asia; Arabian Sea coastline; links to Middle East / Central Asia / China.
(b) Its ports (Karachi, Gwadar) on the Arabian Sea are near the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf, so it can serve major shipping routes and oil-producing countries. It can act as a land route for landlocked Afghanistan and Central Asian states and for western China (CPEC) to reach the sea, earning transit income.
1 + 1 development each: coastline and ports; near Gulf; transit for Afghanistan/Central Asia; CPEC link with China.
Q32Location and provinces · Challenge · Paper 2 style · 6 marks
Pakistan stretches from about 24° N to about 37° N. One degree of latitude is about 111 km.
(a)Estimate the north–south extent of Pakistan in kilometres.[2]
(b)Explain how this north–south extent and the range of relief lead to a variety of climates within Pakistan.[4]
(b) The south is closer to the tropics and near sea level, so it is hot all year, with the coast moderated by the sea. The north is further from the Equator and much higher, so it has cold winters with snow and mild summers, and the mountains also block or receive monsoon rain differently.
1 + 1 development each: latitude; altitude; distance from sea; relief and rainfall.
Similar questions
Questions that test the same subtopic in different years, grouped so you can work on one skill at a time.
References only: find each question in its paper (official link where available, otherwise through your school).
Mountains and natural topography3 questions · 3/5 sessions
