2022 Oct/Nov · Paper 12 · Q136 marksEffects on work and employment
2022 May/June · Paper 12 · Q108 marksHealth problems
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References only, not question text. Open Official paper ↗ where Cambridge publishes the paper,
or see the official Cambridge past-papers page; for other papers, ask your
school. “Paper 42” means Paper 4, variant 2.
Practice questions
Original questions written by HomiLabs in the style of the exam, with answers and mark schemes. They are not
Cambridge past paper questions and have not been reviewed by Cambridge. Try each one before opening the answer.
Q1Health problems · Core · Paper 1 style · 3 marks
Bilal works in a call centre in Lahore, typing customer details for eight hours a day.
(a)Name two health problems Bilal could develop from this work.[2]
(b)For one of the problems named, describe one way of reducing the risk.[1]
Show answer
(a) Any two: repetitive strain injury (RSI) in the wrists/fingers; back and/or neck problems; eyestrain; headaches.
1 mark each. Do not accept 'pain' without location.
(b) e.g. RSI – use a wrist rest / ergonomic keyboard and take regular breaks; back pain – use an adjustable chair with back support and sit upright; eyestrain – take regular breaks and use an anti-glare screen.
B1 prevention matched to the named problem.
Q2Health problems · Core · Paper 1 style · 3 marks
(a)State what is meant by repetitive strain injury (RSI).[1]
(b)Give two causes of RSI when using a computer.[2]
Show answer
(a) Damage/pain to the muscles, tendons or nerves of the fingers, hands, wrists or arms caused by repeating the same movements many times.
B1
(b) Any two: continuous typing on a keyboard; repeated clicking/using a mouse; poor wrist position; not taking breaks; repeated texting on a phone.
1 mark each.
Q3Health problems · Core · Paper 1 style · 3 marks
(a)For each of the following health problems, give one cause when using a computer.Problem 1: eyestrainProblem 2: neck painProblem 3: headache[3]
Show answer
(a) Eyestrain – staring at a screen for a long time / screen glare or flicker / poor lighting. Neck pain – screen at the wrong height so the head is tilted for long periods. Headache – glare or flickering screen / poor lighting / looking at screen too long without breaks.
1 mark each.
Q4Health problems · Core · Paper 1 style · 2 marks
(a)Explain why taking regular breaks from a computer helps to prevent health problems. Refer to two different problems.[2]
Show answer
(a) Breaks rest the hands and wrists from repeated movements, reducing RSI; they also let the eyes rest from focusing on the screen, reducing eyestrain (and moving/stretching reduces back pain).
1 mark each for two problems linked to reason.
Q5Health problems · Core · Paper 1 style · 2 marks
(a)State two items of equipment that reduce the risk of RSI.[2]
Show answer
(a) Any two: wrist rest; ergonomic keyboard; ergonomic/vertical mouse; voice-recognition software; adjustable desk/chair (so arms are at the correct height).
1 mark each.
Q6Health problems · Standard · Paper 1 style · 4 marks
A school in Karachi has opened a new computer room for students.
(a)Describe four features of the room or its furniture that would help to reduce health problems.[4]
Show answer
(a) Any four: adjustable chairs with back support; desks at the correct height; monitors that can be tilted/raised so the top of the screen is at eye level; anti-glare screens or blinds to reduce glare; good lighting; footrests; wrist rests / ergonomic keyboards and mice; enough space to move.
1 mark each for any four.
Q7Health problems · Standard · Paper 1 style · 3 marks
A graphic designer uses a computer for long periods each day. An eye specialist advises the 20-20-20 rule: every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet (about 6 metres) away for 20 seconds.
(a)Calculate how many of these short breaks the designer should take in a 7.5-hour working day.[2]
(b)Explain how the rule helps prevent eyestrain.[1]
(b) Looking into the distance lets the eye muscles relax after focusing on a close screen for a long time.
B1
Q8Health problems · Standard · Paper 1 style · 4 marks
(a)Explain why sitting with poor posture at a computer can cause back problems.[2]
(b)Describe two ways of preventing back problems.[2]
Show answer
(a) Slouching or leaning forward for long periods puts strain on the muscles and spine of the back; without support the spine is not kept in its natural position, leading to pain.
B1 poor posture / no back support for long periods. B1 strain on spine/back muscles.
(b) Any two: use an adjustable chair with lumbar support; sit upright with feet flat on the floor or on a footrest; take regular breaks to stand and stretch; have the screen at eye level so you do not lean forward.
1 mark each.
Q9Health problems · Standard · Paper 1 style · 4 marks
Sana's monitor faces a large window and the afternoon sun shines on the screen.
(a)Explain how this could affect Sana's health.[2]
(b)Suggest two ways of solving the problem.[2]
Show answer
(a) Glare/reflections on the screen make it hard to see, so she strains her eyes and may squint, causing eyestrain and headaches.
B1 glare/reflection. B1 eyestrain or headache.
(b) Any two: move/turn the monitor so it is not facing the window (at right angles to it); fit blinds/curtains; use an anti-glare screen filter; adjust the screen brightness.
1 mark each.
Q10Health problems · Standard · Paper 1 style · 3 marks
A teenager in Islamabad plays online games on a laptop on his bed for several hours each night.
(a)Identify three health problems that could result and give a cause of each in this scenario.[3]
Show answer
(a) Back/neck pain – sitting hunched on the bed with no back support and the screen too low; RSI – repeated use of keys/mouse/controller; eyestrain/headaches – looking at the screen for hours, often in a dark room.
1 mark per problem with scenario-based cause.
Q11Health problems · Standard · Paper 1 style · 4 marks
An office manager measures one employee's set-up: the top of the screen is 15 cm above her eye level and the screen is 30 cm from her face.
(a)Explain two problems with this set-up and how each should be changed.[4]
Show answer
(a) Screen too high makes her tilt her head back, causing neck pain – lower it so the top of the screen is at or slightly below eye level. Screen too close (30 cm) makes the eyes work harder, causing eyestrain – move it back to about arm's length (roughly 50–70 cm).
For each problem: 1 mark for the effect, 1 mark for the correction.
Q12Health problems · Challenge · Paper 1 style · 6 marks
A data-entry company in Faisalabad has received complaints from employees about wrist pain, back pain and headaches.
(a)Discuss the actions the company could take to reduce these health problems, including any drawbacks.[6]
Show answer
(a) Actions: buy ergonomic keyboards, mice and wrist rests (reduces RSI); provide adjustable chairs and monitor stands (reduces back/neck pain); fit anti-glare screens and blinds, improve lighting (reduces headaches); schedule regular breaks and vary tasks; give training on correct posture; offer eye tests. Drawbacks: cost of new equipment; breaks reduce working time/output; staff may not follow advice; some solutions take time to show results. Conclusion: health measures reduce sick leave so are worthwhile.
1 mark per valid point; max 5 without drawbacks or conclusion.
Q13Health problems · Challenge · Paper 1 style · 4 marks
(a)Compare the causes and prevention of RSI and eyestrain.[4]
Show answer
(a) Both are caused by using a computer for long periods without breaks, and both are reduced by taking regular breaks. RSI is caused by repeated hand/finger movements on keyboard and mouse, whereas eyestrain is caused by staring at a screen, glare or flicker. RSI is prevented with wrist rests and ergonomic keyboards/mice, whereas eyestrain is prevented with anti-glare screens, correct lighting and regular eye tests.
1 mark for a similarity; up to 3 for linked differences (causes/prevention). Must compare, not list separately.
Q14Health problems · Challenge · Paper 1 style · 6 marks
(a)A student says, 'A laptop is better for your health than a desktop computer.' Evaluate this statement.[6]
Show answer
(a) Points against: laptop screen is attached to the keyboard so the screen is usually below eye level, causing neck strain; small keyboard and touchpad can increase RSI; often used on laps or sofas with poor posture. Points for: the user can move it to a better-lit place; can be used standing; easier to take breaks and move. A laptop can be made healthier with an external keyboard, mouse and stand. Conclusion: neither is automatically healthier; it depends on how it is set up and used.
1 mark per valid point on either side; max 4 if one-sided; 6th mark for a reasoned conclusion.
Q15Health problems · Challenge · Paper 1 style · 4 marks
A hospital is introducing tablet computers so that nurses record patient observations at the bedside instead of on paper.
(a)Explain two health risks to the nurses from using tablets in this way, and suggest a precaution for each.[4]
Show answer
(a) Any two: neck strain from looking down at the tablet for long periods – hold it at eye level / use a stand on the trolley; RSI from repeated tapping/typing on a small screen – use voice input or a stylus and take breaks; eyestrain from small text – increase font size and screen brightness to suit lighting.
For each risk: 1 mark risk with cause, 1 mark precaution.
Q16Microprocessor-controlled devices · Core · Paper 1 style · 3 marks
(a)Name three microprocessor-controlled devices commonly found in the home.[3]
Q17Microprocessor-controlled devices · Core · Paper 1 style · 2 marks
(a)Describe how a microprocessor-controlled washing machine increases the leisure time of the user.[2]
Show answer
(a) The user selects a programme and the microprocessor controls filling, heating, washing, rinsing and spinning automatically, so the user does not need to stay with it and can do other things.
B1 automatic control of the cycle. B1 user free to do other activities.
Q18Microprocessor-controlled devices · Core · Paper 1 style · 2 marks
(a)Give two microprocessor-controlled devices found in a car, other than the engine management system.[2]
Q19Microprocessor-controlled devices · Standard · Paper 1 style · 4 marks
(a)Describe two positive effects of microprocessor-controlled household devices on people's lifestyles.[2]
(b)Describe two negative effects.[2]
Show answer
(a) Any two: they save time because people do not have to carry out manual tasks (e.g. washing), giving more leisure time; devices can be set to run while people are out; they can be controlled remotely (e.g. switching on air-conditioning before arriving home); energy savings when devices switch off automatically; improved home security.
1 mark each, described.
(b) Any two: people may become lazy and less physically active; people lose household skills; smart devices connected to the internet can be hacked, risking data and security; dependence on technology when devices fail; cost to buy and repair; people may socialise less.
1 mark each, described.
Q20Microprocessor-controlled devices · Standard · Paper 1 style · 4 marks
Many new cars sold in Pakistan have microprocessor-controlled features such as parking sensors, anti-lock brakes and cruise control.
(a)Explain two advantages to drivers of microprocessor-controlled features in cars.[2]
(b)Explain two disadvantages.[2]
Show answer
(a) Any two: safer driving because sensors react faster than humans (e.g. anti-lock brakes stop skidding); parking sensors warn of obstacles, reducing accidents; cruise control keeps a steady speed, reducing fatigue and saving fuel; satnav reduces getting lost; better fuel efficiency.
1 mark each, explained.
(b) Any two: drivers may rely on the systems and become less alert or lose driving skills; systems can fail or give false readings; more expensive to buy and repair; connected systems could be hacked; drivers may be overconfident.
1 mark each, explained.
Q21Microprocessor-controlled devices · Standard · Paper 1 style · 4 marks
(a)Explain how microprocessor-controlled devices can affect a person's physical fitness and social interaction.[4]
Show answer
(a) Fitness: devices do manual work (e.g. robotic vacuum, remote controls) so people are less active, which can lead to an unhealthy lifestyle; but saved time may be used for exercise, and fitness trackers can encourage activity. Social: people may spend more time on smart TVs/gaming devices and less time with others; but devices such as smartphones/video calls help people keep in touch with distant family.
Up to 2 marks for fitness, up to 2 for social interaction; balanced points credited.
Q22Microprocessor-controlled devices · Standard · Paper 1 style · 3 marks
A microprocessor-controlled air-conditioner in a flat in Multan keeps the room at 24 °C.
(a)Describe how the microprocessor keeps the room at the required temperature.[3]
Show answer
(a) A temperature sensor sends readings (converted by an ADC) to the microprocessor; the microprocessor compares each reading with the preset 24 °C; if it is higher it switches the cooling on (via an actuator/DAC), if lower it switches it off; this repeats continuously.
1 mark each for any three: sensor reading; ADC; compares with preset; switches cooler on/off via actuator; continuous loop.
Q23Microprocessor-controlled devices · Challenge · Paper 1 style · 6 marks
A family in Islamabad installs smart devices (lights, door lock, cameras, thermostat) that can be controlled from a smartphone app over the internet.
(a)Discuss the effects of these devices on the family's security and privacy.[6]
Show answer
(a) Positive: can check cameras and lock the door remotely; alerts sent to phone if someone enters; lights can be switched on while away so the house looks occupied; logs show who came and went. Negative: devices can be hacked so criminals could unlock doors or watch camera feeds; personal data (when the family is home) collected by companies may be shared or leaked; weak default passwords; loss of internet or power may stop devices working. Measures: strong passwords, updates, two-factor authentication. Conclusion.
1 mark per valid point; max 4 if one-sided; 6th mark for reasoned conclusion.
Q24Microprocessor-controlled devices · Challenge · Paper 1 style · 6 marks
(a)Some smart fridges can monitor the food inside and order more automatically. Evaluate the use of such a fridge for a busy family.[6]
Show answer
(a) Benefits: saves time shopping; food is less likely to run out; can warn of expiry dates, reducing waste; can suggest meals. Drawbacks: expensive to buy and repair; may order items not wanted or at higher prices; needs internet and stored payment details, so security risk; privacy – data about eating habits collected; family loses the habit of planning meals. Conclusion.
1 mark per valid point; max 4 if one-sided; 6th mark for conclusion.
Q25Microprocessor-controlled devices · Challenge · Paper 1 style · 3 marks
(a)Explain why the energy use of a home may go down when microprocessor-controlled devices are used, but the overall cost to the household may still rise.[3]
Show answer
(a) Devices switch off automatically or run at efficient times (e.g. lights turning off in empty rooms, heating only when needed), reducing energy use; however the devices are expensive to buy, may need replacing or repairing by specialists, and many draw standby power or need internet subscriptions, so overall costs may increase.
B1 automatic/efficient control saves energy. B1 high purchase/repair cost. B1 standby power or subscription/replacement cost.
Q26Effects on work and employment · Core · Paper 1 style · 4 marks
(a)Give two types of job that have been lost because of the introduction of IT.[2]
(b)Give two types of job that have been created by IT.[2]
Show answer
(a) Any two: manufacturing/production-line workers (replaced by robots); typing pool / secretarial staff; bank clerks/cashiers; car-park attendants; shop checkout staff; printing and typesetting workers; telephone operators.
1 mark each.
(b) Any two: programmers/software developers; network managers/technicians; website designers; maintenance engineers for robots/computers; IT trainers; data analysts; cybersecurity specialists.
1 mark each.
Q27Effects on work and employment · Standard · Paper 1 style · 3 marks
(a)Describe the working patterns of part-time working, flexible hours (flexi-time) and job sharing.[3]
Show answer
(a) Part-time – working fewer hours per week than a full-time employee; flexible hours – working the full number of hours but choosing start and finish times (often around a core time); job sharing – two people share the hours and duties of one full-time job.
1 mark each.
Q28Effects on work and employment · Standard · Paper 1 style · 4 marks
A car factory near Karachi replaces many of its paint-shop workers with robots.
(a)Explain two effects of this on the workers who remain at the factory.[4]
Show answer
(a) Any two, explained: they need retraining to operate/maintain robots, gaining new skills; work becomes less dangerous as robots do the hazardous painting (fumes); jobs may become more boring/supervisory; fear of further job losses; some may move to new higher-skilled, better-paid roles; may work different shift patterns as robots run continuously.
For each effect: 1 mark identification, 1 mark explanation.
Q29Effects on work and employment · Challenge · Paper 1 style · 6 marks
A bank in Pakistan is closing several branches because more customers now use online and mobile banking.
(a)Discuss the effects of this change on the bank's employees.[6]
Show answer
(a) Negative: loss of jobs for cashiers and counter staff; staff may have to move/travel to other branches; need to learn new skills; job insecurity and stress. Positive: new jobs in call centres, IT support, cybersecurity and app development; chance of retraining to better-paid roles; possible flexible/home working for some staff; less handling of cash so safer. Conclusion weighing effects.
1 mark per valid point; max 4 if one-sided; 6th mark for reasoned conclusion.
Q30Effects on work and employment · Challenge · Paper 1 style · 4 marks
(a)Explain how IT has made compressed hours and working from home possible for many office workers, and give one drawback for the employer.[4]
Show answer
(a) Compressed hours: the full weekly hours are worked in fewer days, possible because systems are available all day and work is tracked electronically. Working from home: laptops, internet access, cloud storage, VPNs, email and video-conferencing allow staff to access files and communicate as if in the office. Drawback for employer (any one): harder to supervise staff / monitor productivity; data security risks on home networks; cost of equipment; team communication may suffer.
B1 compressed hours described. B1 IT link. B1 home working technologies. B1 drawback.
Similar questions
Questions that test the same subtopic in different years, grouped so you can work on one skill at a time.
References only: find each question in its paper (official link where available, otherwise through your school).
